Carotid interventions above and below the bulb.

Atherosclerotic occlusive lesions of the common carotid artery (CCA), the internal carotid artery (ICA), and the intracranial branches are amenable to angioplasty and stenting. Non atheromatous occlusive lesions caused by fibromuscular dysplasia, arteritis, or trauma may also be treated by image guided intervention in selected patients. Aneurysmal lesions of the CCA, ICA and the intracranial branches of degenerative, mycotic or traumatic etiologies, as well as carotid cavernous fistulae are mostly best treated by embolization. Technological developments continuously expand the indications of interventional treatment in these vascular territories.