Autologous chondrocyte implantation: an overview of technique and outcomes.

Articular cartilage is susceptible to damage; however, it has limited capacity for repair. Damage can lead to persistent symptoms including pain, swelling, and loss of function and may ultimately progress to symptomatic degeneration of the joint. To restore function and minimize symptoms, many advocate surgical intervention in selected candidates, which can range from arthroscopic debridement to restorative procedures depending on patient and lesion characteristics. Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) is a two-stage, typically second-line intervention where cultured autologous chondrocytes are used with the aim of resurfacing symptomatic chondral defects with hyaline or hyaline-like cartilage. Careful patient selection is important. We present an overview of this procedure including indications and contraindications, surgical technique, and post-operative management. A review of published ACI outcomes is then presented.