PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in middle-aged to elderly Singaporeans of Indian ethnicity. METHODS: A population-based, cross-sectional study of Indians aged over 40 years of age residing in Southwestern Singapore was conducted. An age-stratified (10-year age group) random sampling procedure was performed to select participants. Refraction was determined by autorefraction followed by subjective refraction. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent (SE) < -0.50 diopters (D), high myopia as SE < -5.00 D, astigmatism as cylinder < -0.50 D, hyperopia as SE > 0.50 D, and anisometropia as SE difference > 1.00 D. Prevalence was adjusted to the 2000 Singapore census. RESULTS: Of the 4497 persons eligible to participate, 3400 (75.6%) were examined. Complete data were available for 2805 adults with right eye refractive error and no prior cataract surgery. The age-adjusted prevalence was 28.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 25.8-30.2) for myopia and 4.1% (95% CI, 3.3-5.0) for high myopia. There was a U-shaped relationship between myopia and increasing age. The age-adjusted prevalence was 54.9% (95% CI, 52.0-57.9) for astigmatism, 35.9% (95% CI, 33.7-38.3) for hyperopia, and 9.8% (95% CI, 8.6-11.1) for anisometropia. In a multiple logistic regression model, adults who were female, younger, taller, spent more time reading and writing per day, or had astigmatism were more likely to be myopic. Adults who were older or had myopia or diabetes mellitus had higher risk of astigmatism. CONCLUSIONS: In Singapore, the prevalence of myopia in Indian adults is similar to those in Malays, but lower than those in Chinese. Risk factors for myopia are similar across the three ethnic groups in Singapore.
PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in middle-aged to elderly Singaporeans of Indian ethnicity. METHODS: A population-based, cross-sectional study of Indians aged over 40 years of age residing in Southwestern Singapore was conducted. An age-stratified (10-year age group) random sampling procedure was performed to select participants. Refraction was determined by autorefraction followed by subjective refraction. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent (SE) < -0.50 diopters (D), high myopia as SE < -5.00 D, astigmatism as cylinder < -0.50 D, hyperopia as SE > 0.50 D, and anisometropia as SE difference > 1.00 D. Prevalence was adjusted to the 2000 Singapore census. RESULTS: Of the 4497 persons eligible to participate, 3400 (75.6%) were examined. Complete data were available for 2805 adults with right eye refractive error and no prior cataract surgery. The age-adjusted prevalence was 28.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 25.8-30.2) for myopia and 4.1% (95% CI, 3.3-5.0) for high myopia. There was a U-shaped relationship between myopia and increasing age. The age-adjusted prevalence was 54.9% (95% CI, 52.0-57.9) for astigmatism, 35.9% (95% CI, 33.7-38.3) for hyperopia, and 9.8% (95% CI, 8.6-11.1) for anisometropia. In a multiple logistic regression model, adults who were female, younger, taller, spent more time reading and writing per day, or had astigmatism were more likely to be myopic. Adults who were older or had myopia or diabetes mellitus had higher risk of astigmatism. CONCLUSIONS: In Singapore, the prevalence of myopia in Indian adults is similar to those in Malays, but lower than those in Chinese. Risk factors for myopia are similar across the three ethnic groups in Singapore.
Authors: Chen-Wei Pan; Barbara E K Klein; Mary Frances Cotch; Sandi Shrager; Ronald Klein; Aaron Folsom; Richard Kronmal; Steven J Shea; Gregory L Burke; Seang-Mei Saw; Tien Y Wong Journal: Am J Ophthalmol Date: 2013-02-27 Impact factor: 5.258
Authors: Dingding Zhang; Yi Shi; Bo Gong; Fei He; Fang Lu; He Lin; Zhengzheng Wu; Jing Cheng; Bin Chen; Shihuang Liao; Shi Ma; Jianbin Hu; Zhenglin Yang Journal: Mol Vis Date: 2011-12-24 Impact factor: 2.367
Authors: Veluchamy A Barathi; Jia Lin Kwan; Queenie S W Tan; Sung Rhan Weon; Li Fong Seet; Liang Kee Goh; Eranga N Vithana; Roger W Beuerman Journal: Dis Model Mech Date: 2013-05-02 Impact factor: 5.758