The emergence of TH17 cells as effectors of renal injury.

IL-17-producing Th17 effector cells directly induce renal inflammation by activating neutrophils or by participating in macrophage-mediated tissue injury. Th17 cells and cytokines participate in human and experimental renal disease, especially in proliferative glomerulonephritis where Th17 effector cells are active. Although growing evidence suggests Th17 cells are particularly relevant to effector responses involving neutrophils, there are still important questions to address before the complete functions of Th17 cells in renal disease are understood fully.