Magnetic resonance safety.

The safe operation of both clinical and pre-clinical MR systems is critical. There are a wide range of potential MR hazards. This chapter covers both the theoretical background to issues of MR safety and the guidance on more practical issues. The main sources of information on national and international MR safety guidance and advice are discussed, as well as local safety policies which are required for all MR installations. The projectile effect and other MR safety issues due to static and time-varying magnetic fields are considered, such as peripheral nerve stimulation, tissue heating and RF burns. Finally, contrast agents, auditory effects and medical implants and devices are discussed, as well as the less thought about issue of biological safety of clinical and pre-clinical MR systems.