Motivation to provide help to older parents in Norway, Spain, and Israel.

We explore from a cross-national perspective three motivations in adult children to provide help to older parents: affectual solidarity, parental need for care, and filial norms. The sample is 1,055 adult children from Norway, Spain, and Israel, countries selected because they represent different family cultures and welfare regimes. Affectual solidarity and parental need for care was found to influence amount of help in all three countries, whereas filial norms was found to have no effect. Country context had a differential impact. In Israel, affectual solidarity was more strongly associated with amount of help. In Israel and Norway, parents' need for care was related to amount of help; in Spain help provided was high, regardless of parents' need for care. We demonstrate the universality of motivations to provide help to older parents and the influence of cultural context on these motivations, taking into account within-country differences.