Altered copper level and renal dysfunction in Nigerian women using skin-whitening agents.

The purpose of the study was to determine the concentration of trace elements in serum samples of women who are chronic users of skin-whitening agents as well as the hepatic and renal effects of these agents on these women. The study was conducted among 23 skin-whitening users while 25 women served as the controls. The serum concentrations of Zn, Mn, and Mg were not significantly changed in these women compared with controls (p > 0.05), but Cu was significantly increased in skin-whitening agent users compared with controls (p < 0.05). Serum urea and creatinine were significantly increased compared with the controls (p < 0.05). Moreover, ALT, AST, albumin, total protein, and bilirubin were not significantly changed (p > 0.05). The significant increase in the levels of renal indices shows that these agents might be nephrotoxic after prolonged usage while increase in copper level with accompanying renal dysfunction may be an indication that copper mediates in oxidative-induced renal dysfunction. However, further study is needed to identify the cause and source of high serum copper as many of the herbal extracts may be rich sources of copper. Moreover, a large population study may be necessary to examine the exact correlation between copper and renal indices.