Biomarkers in aortic dissection.

Aortic dissection (AD) is a severe cardiovascular disease with high mortality and morbidity, which is characterized by acute onset and rapid progress. Mechanically, it has been considered that circulating blood flows into the media of the aorta through the rupture of the intima forming true and false lumens. Generally, its pathologic process is considered as follows: initially, inflammatory reaction, inflammatory cells infiltration in aortic wall, and then apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells, degenerating of aortic media, elastin fracture, and degradation. At last, the ingredients of the aorta are destroyed and lead to aortic dilatation, aneurysm formation, dissection and rupture. Currently, several biomarkers in peripheral blood including C-reactive protein (CRP), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), soluble elastin fragments (sELAF), D-dimer, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, calponin, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), big endothelin-1 (Big ET-1), genetic markers and so on, have been demonstrated to play a major role in evaluation of AD, for example, making early diagnosis and classifying of AD. Additionally, those markers may also guide our treatment therapies and predict the prognosis. The aims of this review mainly focus on the clinical implications of the biomarkers in AD.