Cardiovascular imaging in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Cardiovascular disease is highly prevalent in chronic kidney disease and has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Several morphological and functional tests are available to assess the cardiovascular system. Since structural and functional cardiovascular abnormalities have prognostic implications, their identification may become crucial for the implementation of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. We review the most frequently used imaging methods to investigate structural and functional cardiovascular changes in patients with chronic kidney disease.