Heteronuclear decoupling by multiple rotating frame technique.

The paper describes the multiple rotating frame technique for designing modulated rf fields, that perform broadband heteronuclear decoupling in solution NMR spectroscopy. The decoupling method presented here is understood by performing a sequence of coordinate transformations, each of which demodulates a component of the rf field to a static component, that progressively averages the chemical shift and the dipolar interaction. We show that by increasing the number of modulations in the decoupling field, the ratio of dispersion in the chemical shift to the strength of the static component of the rf field is successively reduced in the progressive frames. The known decoupling methods like continuous wave decoupling, TPPM, etc., can be viewed as special cases of this method and their performance improves by adding additional modulations in the decoupling field. The technique is also expected to find use in design of broadband excitation, inversion and mixing sequences and broadband experiments in solid state NMR.