A role for molecular genetics in the recognition and conservation of endangered species.

Taxonomies based on morphological traits alone sometimes provide inadequate or misleading guides to phylogenetic distinctions at the subspecies and species levels. Yet taxonomic assignments inevitably shape perceptions of biotic diversity, including recognition of endangered species. Case histories are discussed in which the data of molecular genetics revealed prior systematic errors of the two possible kinds: taxonomic recognition of groups showing little evolutionary differentiation, and lack of taxonomic recognition of phylogenetically distinct forms. In such cases, conservation efforts for 'endangered species' can be misdirected with respect to the goal of protecting biological diversity.