Literature DB >> 21219832

[Expression and clinical relevance of uPA and ET-1 in non-small cell lung cancer].

Yanyi Jiang1, Yizhen Liu, Zhizhou Shi, Boshi Wang, Li Shang, Xin Xu, Shengzhou Zhang, Mingrong Wang.   

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND
OBJECTIVE: uPA and ET-1 proteins have been reported to be up-regulated in some of human cancers. The aim of this study is to investigate the alteration and clinical relevance of uPA and ET-1 protein levels in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
METHODS: Expressions of uPA and ET-1 protein were detected in 155 cases of NSCLC with tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry (TMA-IHC) technique. The correlations between the alteration of the two proteins and clinicopathological parameters were analyzed.
RESULTS: Negative/weak, moderate and high expression of uPA were observed in 12.3%, 64.4% and 23.3% of squamous cell carcinomas, in 12.2%, 53.7% and 34.1% of adenocarcinomas, and in 12.3%, 58.7% and 29.0% of all cases. ET-1 presented negative/weak, moderate and high expression in 2.7%, 42.5% and 54.8% of squamous cell carcinomas, in 11.0%, 30.5% and 58.5% of adenocarcinomas, and in 7.1%, 36.1% and 56.8% of all cases. Simultaneously high expression of uPA and ET-1 were found in adenocarcinomas without lymph node metastasis (P=0.017). Adenocarcinoma patients with high expression of uPA or with high expression of both ET-1 and uPA had the longer survival time (P=0.007 and 0.016).
CONCLUSIONS: Detection of uPA and ET-1 protein levels might contribute to the prognosis evaluation of NSCLC.

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Year:  2011        PMID: 21219832      PMCID: PMC5999703          DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2011.01.10

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi        ISSN: 1009-3419


肺癌是世界第一大恶性肿瘤,其发病率及死亡率居高不下,其中80%-85%为非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC),预后较差。尽管临床术式和治疗方案不断改进,但肺癌的复发和转移使中晚期NSCLC患者的5年生存率很低。寻找可预测NSCLC患者复发和转移的分子标志物,可能有助于提高临床诊断的精准率,便于提前干预,降低该病的复发和转移。 肿瘤细胞通过血管等发生移位是癌症发生及转移的一个重要途径。尿激酶型血浆纤溶酶原激活因子(urokinase-type plasminogen activator, uPA)是一种重要的蛋白水解酶,可以把纤维蛋白溶酶原转化成纤维蛋白溶酶。uPA通过降解细胞外基质,促使细胞移动。文献[报道uPA蛋白在乳腺癌、宫颈癌和直肠癌等人类恶性肿瘤组织中表达上调。体外研究[表明uPA在促进肿瘤侵袭转移中起重要作用。 内皮素-1(endothelin-1, ET-1)是一种强效的缩血管肽和血管平滑肌细胞有丝分裂原,ET-1通过自分泌和旁分泌调节作用,促进细胞增殖、浸润以及血管的生成。ET-1蛋白水平在部分恶性肿瘤中是升高的,如膀胱癌[、结直肠癌[、前列腺癌[以及NSCLC[。卵巢癌的研究[显示ET-1能加快卵巢癌细胞的运动能力,增强肿瘤的侵袭性和转移。Boldrini等[报道具有高水平ET-1 mRNA的肺癌组织同时表现ET-1蛋白高表达。 本文通过组织微阵列联合免疫组织化学染色技术(tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry, TMA-IHC)检测了155例非小细胞肺癌组织标本中的uPAET-1蛋白表达,进而分析了与临床、病理参数的相关性,以探讨其临床意义。

材料与方法

材料

共收集2006年7月-2009年7月中国医学科学院肿瘤医院胸外科肺癌手术标本155例。全部病例均由病理科诊断为NSCLC。其中,鳞癌73例,腺癌82例;男性110例,女性45例;年龄32岁-80岁,中位年龄60岁;肿瘤分期T2、T3、T4期分别为68例、53例和34例,有、无淋巴结转移各为112例和43例。其中有完整随访资料的病例为107例,死亡病例61例,平均随访时间为20个月(2个月-44个月)。

试剂

兔抗人uPA抗体(001098-R/R1,稀释浓度1:200)、兔抗人ET-1抗体(000202-R/R1,稀释浓度1:200)购于赛驰公司,PV-9000免疫组织化学试剂盒和DAB显色试剂盒购自北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司。

组织芯片制作

常规制作标本蜡块、切片。HE染色后经病理学专家复诊、定位标记。根据定位结果对石蜡块进行打点,每个病例用穿刺针取三个标记好的癌组织点,转移到芯片蜡块的相对应位置,对其进行切片。

免疫组化实验步骤

组织芯片常规脱蜡水化后,3%H2O2封闭内源性过氧化物酶15 min,0.1%枸橼酸钠缓冲液中微波修复20 min,滴加一抗,4 ℃冰箱过夜,第二天依次加入试剂1和试剂2,在37 ℃下分别孵育20 min和30 min。DAB染色,苏木素复染,梯度酒精脱水,二甲苯透明,中性树胶封片,镜检。

结果判定

以胞浆内出现棕黄色颗粒为阳性信号,以阳性肿瘤细胞百分率和染色强度两方面分别进行半定量评分。染色强度评价方法:不着色为0分,浅棕黄色为1分,中度着色为2分,深棕黄色为3分。阳性肿瘤细胞百分率评价方法:无阳性细胞为0分,阳性肿瘤细胞数1%-33%为1分,阳性肿瘤细胞数34%-67%为2分,阳性肿瘤细胞数达到67%-100%为3分。染色强度和阳性细胞百分率得分相加记为综合分,0分-2分为阴性/弱阳性,3分-5分为中度阳性,6分为强阳性。

统计学分析

使用SPSS 15.0软件进行数据统计,采用双侧卡方检验方法分析蛋白表达改变与临床病理参数的相关性,Kaplan-Meier方法分析蛋白表达与患者术后生存之间的关系。P < 0.05为有统计学差异。

结果

uPA和ET-1在NSCLC组织中的表达情况

uPA阴性/弱阳性、中度阳性和强阳性表达在鳞癌中的比例各为12.3%、64.4%和23.3%,在腺癌中分别为12.2%、53.7%、34.1%,在全部病例分别为12.3%、58.7%、29.0%。ET-1在鳞癌中阴性/弱阳性、中度阳性和强阳性表达分别为2.7%、42.5%、54.8%,在腺癌中各为11.0%、30.5%、58.5%,在全部病例分别为7.1%、36.1%、56.8%(表 1,图 1,图 2)。
1

155例NSCLC组织uPA和ET-1表达的免疫组化检测结果

The expression of uPA, ET-1 protein in 155 cases of NSCLC by immunohistochemistry

ProteinScoreSCCADCAll cases
Cases (n=73)RateCases (n=82)RateCases (n=155) Rate
SCC: squamous cell carcinoma; ADC: adenocarcinoma; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer.
uPA0-2912.3% 1012.2% 1912.3%
3-54764.4% 4453.7% 9158.7%
61723.3% 2834.1% 4529.0%
ET-10-222.7% 911.0% 117.1%
3-53142.5% 2530.5% 5636.1%
64054.8% 4858.5% 8856.8%
1

uPA在NSCLC中表达的免疫组化染色

The expression of uPA in NSCLC with immunohistochemistry. Left to right: negative/weak, moderate and high expression; A-F: squamous cell carcinoma; G-L: adenocarcinoma.

2

ET-1在NSCLC中表达的免疫组化染色

The expression of ET-1 in NSCLC with immunohistochemistry. Left to right: negative/weak, moderate and high expression; A-F: squamous cell carcinoma; G-L: adenocarcinoma.

155例NSCLC组织uPAET-1表达的免疫组化检测结果 The expression of uPA, ET-1 protein in 155 cases of NSCLC by immunohistochemistry uPANSCLC中表达的免疫组化染色 The expression of uPA in NSCLC with immunohistochemistry. Left to right: negative/weak, moderate and high expression; A-F: squamous cell carcinoma; G-L: adenocarcinoma. ET-1NSCLC中表达的免疫组化染色 The expression of ET-1 in NSCLC with immunohistochemistry. Left to right: negative/weak, moderate and high expression; A-F: squamous cell carcinoma; G-L: adenocarcinoma.

uPA和ET-1表达与NSCLC患者临床病理参数的相关性

uPAET-1表达与肿瘤组织的分期、区域淋巴结转移及分化程度进行相关性分析,结果显示单个蛋白在鳞癌的表达与以上临床病理参数均无关。uPAET-1同时高表达(强阳性)多见于无淋巴结转移的腺癌中(P=0.017)(表 2)。
2

uPA和ET-1在腺癌中高表达与临床病理参数的关系

The relationship between uPA, ET-1 protein high xepression and clinicopathological parameters of adenocarcinoma

Clinicopathologic characteristicnuPAPET-1PuPA and ET-1P
PositiveRatePositiveRatePositiveRate
*3 cases of NX were not included.
TNM stage0.7540.9400.649
  T2431432.6%2558.1%1330.2%
  T320525.0%945.5%315.0%
  T419947.4%1470.0%736.8%
Lymph node metastasis*0.0530.1820.017
  No251248.00%1768.0%1144.0%
  Yes541222.2%2851.9%1018.5%
Differentiation0.1910.6620.234
  High8450.0%562.5%450.0%
  Moderate521936.5%3157.4%1528.8%
  Low22522.7%1254.5%418.2%
uPAET-1在腺癌中高表达与临床病理参数的关系 The relationship between uPA, ET-1 protein high xepression and clinicopathological parameters of adenocarcinoma

uPA和ET-1蛋白表达与NSCLC患者术后生存时间的关系

经Kaplan-Meier分析,ET-1表达与NSCLC患者术后生存时间无关,uPA蛋白高表达或与ET-1同时高表达的腺癌患者具有较长的术后生存时间(P=0.007, P=0.016)(图 3,图4)。
3

uPA、ET-1表达与腺癌患者术后生存时间相关性的Kaplan-Meier分析

The Kaplan-Meier survival curves of adenocarcinoma patients with expressions of uPA and ET-1. A: uPA expression (P=0.007);B: Expression of both uPA and ET-1 (P=0.016).

uPAET-1表达与腺癌患者术后生存时间相关性的Kaplan-Meier分析 The Kaplan-Meier survival curves of adenocarcinoma patients with expressions of uPA and ET-1. A: uPA expression (P=0.007);B: Expression of both uPA and ET-1 (P=0.016).

讨论

恶性肿瘤由于其细胞生长、增殖失控等多因素、多层面的不确定因素,导致目前在临床上还没有一个很好的治疗办法。肺癌是威胁人类健康最主要的恶性肿瘤之一,其发病率及死亡率均居于癌症榜首。依靠传统的肺癌患者预后指标尚难把不同发病机制的患者区分开来。从分子水平寻找一些敏感性、特异性高的NSCLC相关分子标志物,可能为现有的预后指标提供重要补充。 uPA于1976年被Astedt等[在卵巢肿瘤细胞中发现。uPA以无活性的单链丝氨酸酶原形式由肿瘤细胞或其它细胞分泌,在细胞表面与uPARuPA的受体)结合后可被细胞表面的纤溶酶、舒血管素等激活。促进肿瘤细胞向受破坏的细胞外基质移动,引起肿瘤局部浸润性生长并进入脉管系统,进而发生远处转移[。本研究发现NSCLC组织中存在uPA蛋白高表达,与国内外在其它肿瘤中观察的uPA变化相符。Yang等[在结直肠癌研究中发现uPA蛋白升高与淋巴结转移无相关性(P > 0.05),也与本实验研究结果类似。Konecny等[报道uPA蛋白升高与卵巢癌患者较短的生存时间相关,而且可能作为一个独立的预后分子标志物。而本研究结果显示uPA蛋白高表达的肺腺癌患者却具有较长的生存时间,是否uPA在不同癌症中的作用有所差异,值得进一步研究。 内皮素(ET)家族中有三种异构体:ET-1、ET-2和ET-3,三者之间仅有2个-6个氨基酸不同,具有组织特异性[。人的ET-1基因全长12, 464 bp,含有5个外显子。ET-1是体内最强的缩血管活性肽,广泛存在于血管内皮细胞及神经细胞内,在很多肿瘤中都有过度表达。在肿瘤发生发展的过程中,血管生成是一个较早期事件。本研究发现ET-1蛋白在NSCLC组织中表达上调,与文献报道一致。刘玉春等[采用免疫组织化学方法检测发现,ET-1NSCLC组织中的表达高于肺良性病变组织,尤其是在具有淋巴结转移阳性的肺癌组织中。我们并没有观察到ET-1NSCLC的任何临床、病理参数存在相关性。但是,本研究的结果显示uPAET-1同时高表达多见于无淋巴结转移的腺癌中,而且uPAET-1同时高表达的腺癌患者具有较长的术后生存时间。这一结果也反映了肿瘤发生发展中的多基因异常,uPAET-1蛋白的联合检测可能有助于肺腺癌的预后判断。
  15 in total

1.  Expression of endothelin-1 is related to poor prognosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma.

Authors:  Laura Boldrini; Silvia Gisfredi; Silvia Ursino; Pinuccia Faviana; Marco Lucchi; Franca Melfi; Alfredo Mussi; Fulvio Basolo; Gabriella Fontanini
Journal:  Eur J Cancer       Date:  2005-11-17       Impact factor: 9.162

2.  Association of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its inhibitor with disease progression and prognosis in ovarian cancer.

Authors:  G Konecny; M Untch; A Pihan; R Kimmig; M Gropp; P Stieber; H Hepp; D Slamon; M Pegram
Journal:  Clin Cancer Res       Date:  2001-06       Impact factor: 12.531

3.  Immunological identity of urokinase and ovarian carcinoma plasminogen activator released in tissue culture.

Authors:  B Astedt; L Holmberg
Journal:  Nature       Date:  1976-06-17       Impact factor: 49.962

4.  Endothelin-1 is required during epithelial to mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer progression.

Authors:  Laura Rosanò; Francesca Spinella; Valeriana Di Castro; Samantha Decandia; Maria Rita Nicotra; Pier Giorgio Natali; Anna Bagnato
Journal:  Exp Biol Med (Maywood)       Date:  2006-06

Review 5.  Evolving role of uPA/uPAR system in human cancers.

Authors:  Kathleen Dass; Aamir Ahmad; Asfar S Azmi; Sarah H Sarkar; Fazlul H Sarkar
Journal:  Cancer Treat Rev       Date:  2007-12-26       Impact factor: 12.111

6.  uPA and PAI-1 in rectal cancer--relationship to radiotherapy and clinical outcome.

Authors:  Eva Angenete; Marcus Langenskiöld; Ingrid Palmgren; Peter Falk; Tom Oresland; Marie-Louise Ivarsson
Journal:  J Surg Res       Date:  2008-04-07       Impact factor: 2.192

7.  Expression of the endothelin axis in noninvasive and superficially invasive bladder cancer: relation to clinicopathologic and molecular prognostic parameters.

Authors:  Elke Eltze; Peter J Wild; Christian Wülfing; Ellen C Zwarthoff; Maximilian Burger; Robert Stoehr; Eberhard Korsching; Arndt Hartmann
Journal:  Eur Urol       Date:  2008-10-11       Impact factor: 20.096

8.  Reversal of the hypomethylation status of urokinase (uPA) promoter blocks breast cancer growth and metastasis.

Authors:  Pouya Pakneshan; Moshe Szyf; Robin Farias-Eisner; Shafaat A Rabbani
Journal:  J Biol Chem       Date:  2004-05-18       Impact factor: 5.157

Review 9.  Endothelin-1-induced pain and hyperalgesia: a review of pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and future therapeutic options.

Authors:  Guy Hans; Kristof Deseure; Hugo Adriaensen
Journal:  Neuropeptides       Date:  2008-01-14       Impact factor: 3.286

10.  Increased endothelin-1 in colorectal cancer and reduction of tumour growth by ET(A) receptor antagonism.

Authors:  E Asham; A Shankar; M Loizidou; S Fredericks; K Miller; P B Boulos; G Burnstock; I Taylor
Journal:  Br J Cancer       Date:  2001-11-30       Impact factor: 7.640

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