A human knee joint model considering fluid pressure and fiber orientation in cartilages and menisci.

Articular cartilages and menisci are generally considered to be elastic in the published human knee models, and thus the fluid-flow dependent response of the knee has not been explored using finite element analysis. In the present study, the fluid pressure and site-specific collagen fiber orientation in the cartilages and menisci were implemented into a finite element model of the knee using fibril-reinforced modeling previously proposed for articular cartilage. The geometry of the knee was obtained from magnetic resonance imaging of a healthy young male. The bones were considered to be elastic due to their greater stiffness compared to that of the cartilages and menisci. The displacements obtained for fast ramp compression were essentially same as those for instantaneous compression of equal magnitude with the fluid being trapped in the tissues, which was expected. However, a clearly different pattern of displacements was predicted by an elastic model using a greater Young's modulus and a Poisson's ratio for nearly incompressible material. The results indicated the influence of fluid pressure and fiber orientation on the deformation of articular cartilage in the knee. The fluid pressurization in the femoral cartilage was somehow affected by the site-specific fiber directions. The peak fluid pressure in the femoral condyles was reduced by three quarters when no fibril reinforcement was assumed. The present study indicates the necessity of implementing the fluid pressure and anisotropic fibril reinforcement in articular cartilage for a more accurate understanding of the mechanics of the knee.