| Literature DB >> 21201252 |
Hossein Aghabozorg, Ramona Khadivi, Mohammad Ghadermazi, Hoda Pasdar, Shabnam Hooshmand.
Abstract
The title polymeric compound {(C(3)H(12)N(2))[Cu(C(7)H(3)NO(4))(2)]·3H(2)O}(n) or {(pnH(2))[Cu(py-2,3-dc)(2)]·3H(2)O}(n) (pn is propane-1,3-diamine and py-2,3-dcH(2) is pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid), was synthesized by reaction of copper(II) chloride dihydrate with a proton-transfer compound, propane-1,3-diammonium pyridine-2,3-dicarboxyl-ate or (pnH(2))(py-2,3-dc), in aqueous solution. The anion is a six-coordinate complex (site symmetry ), with a distorted octa-hedral geometry around Cu(II), consisting of two bidentate pyridine-2,3-dicarboxyl-ate groups and two O atoms of bridging ligands from (py-2,3-dc)(2-) fragments, which are located in trans positions. The (pnH(2))(2+) cation is disordered over two sites by the center of inversion. Inter-molecular hydrogen bonds, π-π [centroid-centroid distances of 3.539 (3) Å] and C-O⋯π stacking inter-actions [O⋯Cg = 3.240 (5) Å; Cg is the center of the pyridine ring], connect the various components into a supra-molecular structure.Entities:
Year: 2008 PMID: 21201252 PMCID: PMC2960456 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536807067153
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online ISSN: 1600-5368
| (C3H12N2)[Cu(C7H3NO4)2]·3H2O | |
| Triclinic, | |
| Mo | |
| Cell parameters from 1234 reflections | |
| θ = 3–20º | |
| α = 82.6561 (10)º | µ = 1.19 mm−1 |
| β = 84.0079 (13)º | |
| γ = 71.9520 (17)º | Prism, blue |
| 0.21 × 0.16 × 0.15 mm |
| Bruker SMART APEXII CCD diffractometer | 2348 independent reflections |
| Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 2310 reflections with |
| Monochromator: graphite | |
| θmax = 28.0º | |
| φ and ω scans | θmin = 2.8º |
| Absorption correction: multi-scan(SADABS; Sheldrick, 2003) | |
| 10997 measured reflections |
| Refinement on | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
| Least-squares matrix: full | Hydrogen site location: mixed |
| H-atom parameters constrained | |
| | |
| (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 | |
| 2348 reflections | Δρmax = 0.69 e Å−3 |
| 189 parameters | Δρmin = −0.93 e Å−3 |
| Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods | Extinction correction: none |
| Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
| Refinement. Refinement of |
| Occ. (<1) | |||||
| Cu1 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.0083 (2) | |
| O1 | 0.1529 (5) | 1.0909 (5) | 0.8418 (4) | 0.0137 (7) | |
| O2 | 0.4743 (6) | 1.0337 (6) | 0.7330 (4) | 0.0233 (9) | |
| O3 | 0.7857 (6) | 0.6603 (5) | 0.7152 (4) | 0.0189 (8) | |
| O4 | 0.9507 (6) | 0.7923 (5) | 0.8365 (4) | 0.0184 (8) | |
| N1 | 0.2805 (6) | 0.8300 (5) | 1.0351 (4) | 0.0099 (8) | |
| C1 | 0.4291 (7) | 0.8457 (6) | 0.9349 (5) | 0.0098 (9) | |
| C2 | 0.6352 (8) | 0.7332 (6) | 0.9342 (5) | 0.0108 (9) | |
| C3 | 0.6889 (8) | 0.6039 (6) | 1.0472 (5) | 0.0119 (9) | |
| H3 | 0.8292 | 0.5260 | 1.0525 | 0.014* | |
| C4 | 0.5387 (8) | 0.5903 (6) | 1.1494 (5) | 0.0113 (9) | |
| H4 | 0.5743 | 0.5031 | 1.2259 | 0.014* | |
| C5 | 0.3353 (8) | 0.7039 (6) | 1.1406 (5) | 0.0111 (9) | |
| H5 | 0.2314 | 0.6924 | 1.2112 | 0.013* | |
| C6 | 0.3515 (8) | 1.0015 (7) | 0.8261 (5) | 0.0135 (9) | |
| C7 | 0.8024 (7) | 0.7337 (7) | 0.8180 (5) | 0.0135 (10) | |
| N2 | 0.4757 (13) | 0.7636 (12) | 0.5189 (9) | 0.0129 (16) | 0.50 |
| H2A | 0.5574 | 0.7319 | 0.5913 | 0.019* | 0.50 |
| H2B | 0.5369 | 0.8236 | 0.4504 | 0.019* | 0.50 |
| H2C | 0.4627 | 0.6624 | 0.4892 | 0.019* | 0.50 |
| C8 | 0.2618 (16) | 0.8836 (14) | 0.5611 (10) | 0.0139 (19) | 0.50 |
| H8A | 0.2673 | 1.0086 | 0.5610 | 0.017* | 0.50 |
| H8B | 0.2188 | 0.8415 | 0.6549 | 0.017* | 0.50 |
| C9 | 0.1014 (16) | 0.8816 (14) | 0.4648 (11) | 0.014 (2) | 0.50 |
| H9A | 0.0884 | 0.7582 | 0.4704 | 0.017* | 0.50 |
| H9B | 0.1506 | 0.9140 | 0.3702 | 0.017* | 0.50 |
| C10 | −0.1138 (17) | 1.0139 (15) | 0.4993 (11) | 0.017 (2) | 0.50 |
| H10A | −0.2226 | 0.9832 | 0.4550 | 0.020* | 0.50 |
| H10B | −0.1467 | 1.0008 | 0.5990 | 0.020* | 0.50 |
| N3 | −0.1232 (14) | 1.2052 (12) | 0.4541 (9) | 0.0135 (16) | 0.50 |
| H3B | −0.2596 | 1.2764 | 0.4603 | 0.020* | 0.50 |
| H3C | −0.0696 | 1.2138 | 0.3662 | 0.020* | 0.50 |
| H3D | −0.0461 | 1.2422 | 0.5083 | 0.020* | 0.50 |
| O1WA | 0.0811 (17) | 0.3649 (16) | 0.6306 (12) | 0.015 (2) | 0.50 |
| O1WB | 0.1490 (17) | 0.3949 (16) | 0.6312 (13) | 0.018 (2) | 0.50 |
| H3W | 0.1276 | 0.3321 | 0.7141 | 0.027* | |
| H4W | −0.0108 | 0.4794 | 0.6569 | 0.027* | |
| O2W | 0.4409 (12) | 0.4057 (11) | 0.4800 (8) | 0.0171 (15) | 0.50 |
| H1W | 0.3664 | 0.3585 | 0.5422 | 0.026* | 0.50 |
| H2W | 0.3701 | 0.3870 | 0.4201 | 0.026* | 0.50 |
| Cu1 | 0.0047 (4) | 0.0081 (4) | 0.0105 (4) | −0.0008 (3) | 0.0010 (3) | 0.0011 (3) |
| O1 | 0.0095 (16) | 0.0141 (17) | 0.0131 (17) | 0.0005 (13) | 0.0002 (13) | 0.0039 (13) |
| O2 | 0.0120 (18) | 0.029 (2) | 0.019 (2) | 0.0007 (16) | 0.0054 (15) | 0.0113 (16) |
| O3 | 0.0152 (18) | 0.024 (2) | 0.0127 (18) | −0.0001 (15) | 0.0009 (14) | −0.0029 (15) |
| O4 | 0.0134 (17) | 0.0167 (18) | 0.023 (2) | −0.0041 (14) | 0.0063 (15) | −0.0012 (15) |
| N1 | 0.0093 (18) | 0.0090 (18) | 0.0103 (19) | −0.0011 (15) | 0.0015 (15) | −0.0022 (14) |
| C1 | 0.008 (2) | 0.012 (2) | 0.010 (2) | −0.0044 (17) | −0.0004 (16) | −0.0005 (17) |
| C2 | 0.011 (2) | 0.011 (2) | 0.011 (2) | −0.0048 (17) | −0.0024 (17) | 0.0010 (17) |
| C3 | 0.013 (2) | 0.010 (2) | 0.013 (2) | −0.0022 (17) | −0.0039 (18) | −0.0027 (17) |
| C4 | 0.014 (2) | 0.009 (2) | 0.012 (2) | −0.0034 (17) | −0.0036 (17) | 0.0005 (17) |
| C5 | 0.016 (2) | 0.010 (2) | 0.010 (2) | −0.0061 (18) | −0.0015 (17) | −0.0026 (17) |
| C6 | 0.006 (2) | 0.017 (2) | 0.013 (2) | −0.0005 (18) | 0.0021 (17) | 0.0030 (18) |
| C7 | 0.007 (2) | 0.015 (2) | 0.012 (2) | 0.0036 (17) | −0.0006 (17) | 0.0041 (18) |
| N2 | 0.011 (4) | 0.016 (4) | 0.010 (4) | −0.003 (3) | 0.002 (3) | 0.000 (3) |
| C8 | 0.014 (5) | 0.014 (5) | 0.012 (4) | −0.002 (4) | 0.004 (4) | −0.004 (4) |
| C9 | 0.012 (5) | 0.012 (5) | 0.017 (5) | −0.003 (4) | 0.002 (4) | 0.000 (4) |
| C10 | 0.018 (5) | 0.013 (5) | 0.016 (5) | −0.004 (4) | 0.004 (4) | 0.000 (4) |
| N3 | 0.015 (4) | 0.012 (4) | 0.012 (4) | −0.002 (3) | 0.000 (3) | 0.001 (3) |
| O1WA | 0.014 (6) | 0.018 (5) | 0.010 (4) | −0.002 (4) | 0.005 (4) | 0.000 (3) |
| O1WB | 0.016 (6) | 0.016 (5) | 0.016 (4) | 0.001 (4) | 0.006 (4) | 0.001 (3) |
| O2W | 0.014 (3) | 0.020 (4) | 0.017 (4) | −0.007 (3) | 0.002 (3) | −0.002 (3) |
| Cu1—O1i | 1.960 (4) | C5—H5 | 0.9500 |
| Cu1—O1 | 1.960 (4) | N2—C8 | 1.499 (12) |
| Cu1—N1i | 1.970 (4) | N2—H2A | 0.9100 |
| Cu1—N1 | 1.970 (4) | N2—H2B | 0.9100 |
| Cu1—O4ii | 2.549 (4) | N2—H2C | 0.9100 |
| Cu1—O4iii | 2.549 (4) | C8—C9 | 1.513 (14) |
| O1—C6 | 1.298 (6) | C8—H8A | 0.9900 |
| O2—C6 | 1.225 (6) | C8—H8B | 0.9900 |
| O3—C7 | 1.263 (7) | C9—C10 | 1.524 (14) |
| O4—C7 | 1.252 (7) | C9—H9A | 0.9900 |
| O4—Cu1iv | 2.549 (4) | C9—H9B | 0.9900 |
| N1—C5 | 1.340 (6) | C10—N3 | 1.491 (13) |
| N1—C1 | 1.352 (6) | C10—H10A | 0.9900 |
| C1—C2 | 1.386 (7) | C10—H10B | 0.9900 |
| C1—C6 | 1.520 (7) | N3—H3B | 0.9100 |
| C2—C3 | 1.406 (7) | N3—H3C | 0.9100 |
| C2—C7 | 1.520 (7) | N3—H3D | 0.9100 |
| C3—C4 | 1.369 (7) | O1WA—H3W | 0.8934 |
| C3—H3 | 0.9500 | O1WA—H4W | 0.9660 |
| C4—C5 | 1.379 (7) | O2W—H1W | 0.8700 |
| C4—H4 | 0.9500 | O2W—H2W | 0.8498 |
| O1i—Cu1—O1 | 180.000 (1) | N1—C5—C4 | 121.7 (5) |
| O1i—Cu1—N1i | 83.39 (16) | C4—C5—Cu1 | 152.8 (4) |
| O1—Cu1—N1i | 96.61 (16) | N1—C5—H5 | 119.1 |
| O1i—Cu1—N1 | 96.61 (16) | C4—C5—H5 | 119.1 |
| O1—Cu1—N1 | 83.39 (16) | Cu1—C5—H5 | 88.0 |
| N1i—Cu1—N1 | 180.000 (1) | O2—C6—O1 | 125.3 (5) |
| O1i—Cu1—O4ii | 96.02 (14) | O2—C6—C1 | 119.8 (4) |
| O1—Cu1—O4ii | 83.98 (14) | O1—C6—C1 | 114.9 (4) |
| N1i—Cu1—O4ii | 90.52 (15) | O2—C6—Cu1 | 165.3 (4) |
| N1—Cu1—O4ii | 89.48 (15) | C1—C6—Cu1 | 74.8 (3) |
| O1i—Cu1—O4iii | 83.98 (14) | O4—C7—O3 | 126.2 (5) |
| O1—Cu1—O4iii | 96.02 (14) | O4—C7—C2 | 118.0 (5) |
| N1i—Cu1—O4iii | 89.48 (15) | O3—C7—C2 | 115.5 (4) |
| N1—Cu1—O4iii | 90.52 (15) | N2—C8—C9 | 110.5 (8) |
| O4ii—Cu1—O4iii | 180.000 (1) | N2—C8—H8A | 109.5 |
| C6—O1—Cu1 | 114.8 (3) | C9—C8—H8A | 109.5 |
| C7—O4—Cu1iv | 134.2 (3) | N2—C8—H8B | 109.5 |
| C5—N1—C1 | 118.9 (4) | C9—C8—H8B | 109.5 |
| C5—N1—Cu1 | 128.3 (3) | H8A—C8—H8B | 108.1 |
| C1—N1—Cu1 | 112.8 (3) | C8—C9—C10 | 111.4 (9) |
| N1—C1—C2 | 122.9 (4) | C8—C9—H9A | 109.3 |
| N1—C1—C6 | 113.9 (4) | C10—C9—H9A | 109.3 |
| C2—C1—C6 | 123.2 (4) | C8—C9—H9B | 109.3 |
| C2—C1—Cu1 | 163.3 (4) | C10—C9—H9B | 109.3 |
| C6—C1—Cu1 | 73.4 (3) | H9A—C9—H9B | 108.0 |
| C1—C2—C3 | 116.9 (4) | N3—C10—C9 | 112.5 (8) |
| C1—C2—C7 | 124.9 (4) | N3—C10—H10A | 109.1 |
| C3—C2—C7 | 118.1 (4) | C9—C10—H10A | 109.1 |
| C4—C3—C2 | 119.9 (5) | N3—C10—H10B | 109.1 |
| C4—C3—H3 | 120.0 | C9—C10—H10B | 109.1 |
| C2—C3—H3 | 120.0 | H10A—C10—H10B | 107.8 |
| C3—C4—C5 | 119.6 (5) | H3W—O1WA—H4W | 91.9 |
| C3—C4—H4 | 120.2 | H1W—O2W—H2W | 88.7 |
| C5—C4—H4 | 120.2 | ||
| N1i—Cu1—O1—C6 | −176.6 (4) | C3—C4—C5—Cu1 | 1.2 (10) |
| N1—Cu1—O1—C6 | 3.4 (4) | O1i—Cu1—C5—N1 | 176.7 (4) |
| O4ii—Cu1—O1—C6 | −86.8 (4) | O1—Cu1—C5—N1 | −3.3 (4) |
| O4iii—Cu1—O1—C6 | 93.2 (4) | N1i—Cu1—C5—N1 | 180.000 (3) |
| O1i—Cu1—N1—C5 | −3.2 (4) | O4ii—Cu1—C5—N1 | 81.2 (4) |
| O1—Cu1—N1—C5 | 176.8 (4) | O4iii—Cu1—C5—N1 | −98.8 (4) |
| O4ii—Cu1—N1—C5 | −99.2 (4) | O1i—Cu1—C5—C4 | 173.2 (8) |
| O4iii—Cu1—N1—C5 | 80.8 (4) | O1—Cu1—C5—C4 | −6.8 (8) |
| O1i—Cu1—N1—C1 | 175.0 (3) | N1i—Cu1—C5—C4 | 176.5 (7) |
| O1—Cu1—N1—C1 | −5.0 (3) | N1—Cu1—C5—C4 | −3.5 (7) |
| O4ii—Cu1—N1—C1 | 79.0 (3) | O4ii—Cu1—C5—C4 | 77.6 (7) |
| O4iii—Cu1—N1—C1 | −101.0 (3) | O4iii—Cu1—C5—C4 | −102.4 (7) |
| C5—N1—C1—C2 | 2.0 (7) | Cu1—O1—C6—O2 | 178.7 (5) |
| Cu1—N1—C1—C2 | −176.4 (4) | Cu1—O1—C6—C1 | −1.2 (6) |
| C5—N1—C1—C6 | −176.0 (4) | N1—C1—C6—O2 | 177.1 (5) |
| Cu1—N1—C1—C6 | 5.6 (5) | C2—C1—C6—O2 | −1.0 (8) |
| C5—N1—C1—Cu1 | 178.4 (6) | Cu1—C1—C6—O2 | −179.1 (6) |
| O1i—Cu1—C1—N1 | −5.9 (4) | N1—C1—C6—O1 | −3.0 (7) |
| O1—Cu1—C1—N1 | 174.1 (4) | C2—C1—C6—O1 | 179.0 (5) |
| N1i—Cu1—C1—N1 | 180.000 (3) | Cu1—C1—C6—O1 | 0.8 (4) |
| O4ii—Cu1—C1—N1 | −99.6 (3) | N1—C1—C6—Cu1 | −3.8 (4) |
| O4iii—Cu1—C1—N1 | 80.4 (3) | C2—C1—C6—Cu1 | 178.2 (5) |
| O1i—Cu1—C1—C2 | 4.7 (13) | O1i—Cu1—C6—O2 | 176.0 (15) |
| O1—Cu1—C1—C2 | −175.3 (13) | O1—Cu1—C6—O2 | −4.0 (15) |
| N1i—Cu1—C1—C2 | −169.4 (11) | N1i—Cu1—C6—O2 | −0.1 (18) |
| N1—Cu1—C1—C2 | 10.6 (11) | N1—Cu1—C6—O2 | 179.9 (18) |
| O4ii—Cu1—C1—C2 | −89.0 (12) | O4ii—Cu1—C6—O2 | 86.3 (17) |
| O4iii—Cu1—C1—C2 | 91.0 (12) | O4iii—Cu1—C6—O2 | −93.7 (17) |
| O1i—Cu1—C1—C6 | 179.4 (3) | O1i—Cu1—C6—O1 | 180.000 (2) |
| O1—Cu1—C1—C6 | −0.6 (3) | N1i—Cu1—C6—O1 | 3.9 (4) |
| N1i—Cu1—C1—C6 | 5.3 (5) | N1—Cu1—C6—O1 | −176.1 (4) |
| N1—Cu1—C1—C6 | −174.7 (5) | O4ii—Cu1—C6—O1 | 90.3 (4) |
| O4ii—Cu1—C1—C6 | 85.7 (3) | O4iii—Cu1—C6—O1 | −89.7 (4) |
| O4iii—Cu1—C1—C6 | −94.3 (3) | O1i—Cu1—C6—C1 | −1.1 (5) |
| N1—C1—C2—C3 | −2.9 (7) | O1—Cu1—C6—C1 | 178.9 (5) |
| C6—C1—C2—C3 | 175.0 (4) | N1i—Cu1—C6—C1 | −177.2 (3) |
| Cu1—C1—C2—C3 | −11.1 (15) | N1—Cu1—C6—C1 | 2.8 (3) |
| N1—C1—C2—C7 | 174.0 (5) | O4ii—Cu1—C6—C1 | −90.8 (3) |
| C6—C1—C2—C7 | −8.2 (8) | O4iii—Cu1—C6—C1 | 89.2 (3) |
| Cu1—C1—C2—C7 | 165.8 (10) | Cu1iv—O4—C7—O3 | 164.8 (4) |
| C1—C2—C3—C4 | 1.8 (7) | Cu1iv—O4—C7—C2 | −21.4 (7) |
| C7—C2—C3—C4 | −175.3 (4) | C1—C2—C7—O4 | 109.8 (6) |
| C2—C3—C4—C5 | 0.0 (7) | C3—C2—C7—O4 | −73.4 (6) |
| C1—N1—C5—C4 | 0.0 (7) | C1—C2—C7—O3 | −75.7 (6) |
| Cu1—N1—C5—C4 | 178.1 (4) | C3—C2—C7—O3 | 101.1 (5) |
| C1—N1—C5—Cu1 | −178.1 (7) | N2—C8—C9—C10 | −175.6 (8) |
| C3—C4—C5—N1 | −1.0 (7) | C8—C9—C10—N3 | 76.1 (11) |
| H··· | ||||
| N2—H2A···O3 | 0.91 | 1.96 | 2.854 (1) | 167 |
| N2—H2B···O2v | 0.91 | 2.01 | 2.830 (1) | 150 |
| N3—H3B···N2vi | 0.91 | 1.56 | 2.283 (1) | 134 |
| N3—H3B···O2Wvii | 0.91 | 1.95 | 2.852 (13) | 174 |
| N3—H3C···O3v | 0.91 | 2.42 | 3.041 (10) | 126 |
| N3—H3C···O4v | 0.91 | 2.08 | 2.991 (1) | 174 |
| N3—H3D···O1WAviii | 0.91 | 2.03 | 2.934 (1) | 170 |
| N3—H3D···O1WBviii | 0.91 | 2.51 | 3.407 (15) | 170 |
| O1WA—H3W···O1ix | 0.89 | 2.11 | 2.764 (1) | 130 |
| O1WA—H4W···O3ii | 0.97 | 1.74 | 2.696 (1) | 168 |
| O2W—H1W···O1WA | 0.87 | 2.00 | 2.779 (15) | 148 |
| O2W—H1W···O1WB | 0.87 | 1.59 | 2.350 (1) | 145 |
| O2W—H2W···O3x | 0.85 | 1.92 | 2.768 (1) | 179 |
| C5—H5···O1WAxi | 0.95 | 2.60 | 3.534 (13) | 169 |
| C8—H8A···O2 | 0.99 | 2.37 | 2.891 (11) | 112 |
| C8—H8B···O4ii | 0.99 | 2.49 | 3.396 (11) | 153 |
| Cu1—O1 | 1.960 (4) |
| Cu1—N1 | 1.970 (4) |
| Cu1—O4i | 2.549 (4) |
| O1ii—Cu1—N1ii | 83.39 (16) |
| O1—Cu1—N1ii | 96.61 (16) |
| O4i—Cu1—O4iii | 180 |
Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) .
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)
| H⋯ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N2—H2 | 0.91 | 1.96 | 2.854 (1) | 167 |
| N2—H2 | 0.91 | 2.01 | 2.830 (1) | 150 |
| N3—H3 | 0.91 | 1.56 | 2.283 (1) | 134 |
| N3—H3 | 0.91 | 1.95 | 2.852 (13) | 174 |
| N3—H3 | 0.91 | 2.42 | 3.041 (10) | 126 |
| N3—H3 | 0.91 | 2.08 | 2.991 (1) | 174 |
| N3—H3 | 0.91 | 2.03 | 2.934 (1) | 170 |
| N3—H3 | 0.91 | 2.51 | 3.407 (15) | 170 |
| O1 | 0.89 | 2.11 | 2.764 (1) | 130 |
| O1 | 0.97 | 1.74 | 2.696 (1) | 168 |
| O2 | 0.87 | 2.00 | 2.779 (15) | 148 |
| O2 | 0.87 | 1.59 | 2.350 (1) | 145 |
| O2 | 0.85 | 1.92 | 2.768 (1) | 179 |
| C5—H5⋯O1 | 0.95 | 2.60 | 3.534 (13) | 169 |
| C8—H8 | 0.99 | 2.37 | 2.891 (11) | 112 |
| C8—H8 | 0.99 | 2.49 | 3.396 (11) | 153 |
Symmetry codes: (i) ; (iv) ; (v) ; (vi) ; (vii) ; (viii) ; (ix) ; (x) .