Predicting hormetic effects of ionic liquid mixtures on luciferase activity using the concentration addition model.

The concept of hormesis has generated considerable interest within the environmental and toxicological communities over the past decades. However, toxicological evaluation and prediction of hormesis in mixtures are challenging and only just unfolding. The hormetic effects of ten ionic liquids (ILs), singly and in mixtures in the ratios of their individual EC50, EC10, EC0, and ECm (maximal stimulatory effect concentration), on luciferase luminescence were determined by using microplate toxicity analysis. There was good agreement between the effects observed and predicted by concentration addition (CA) for all four mixtures. This evidence supports the use of CA model as a default approach for assessing the combined effect of chemicals at the molecular level. Focusing on the selected points of the concentration-response curves (CRCs) of mixtures, the mixtures of IL chemicals mixed at concentrations that individually showed stimulatory effects could produce inhibitory or no effects, and the mixture of IL chemicals mixed at concentrations that individually showed no effects could produce significant inhibitory effect. The three interesting phenomena in mixture hormesis may have important implications for current risk assessment practices.