Claire M Smith1, Robert A Hirst1, Michael J Bankart2, David W Jones3, Andrew J Easton4, Peter W Andrew5, Christopher O'Callaghan6. 1. Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Division of Child Health, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester. 2. Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester. 3. Biomedical Joint Workshops, University of Leicester, Leicester. 4. School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick, England. 5. Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester. 6. Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Institute of Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Division of Child Health, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester. Electronic address: ajb64@le.ac.uk.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Reports of the effect of low temperatures on ciliary beat frequency (CBF) are conflicting, and the effect on ciliary beat pattern has not been reported. We aimed to clarify this association and determine whether cooling of cilia may allow ciliary function to be assessed without the need of expensive high-speed video microscopy. METHODS: Fourteen nasal brush biopsy samples were collected, and the CBF and beat pattern of undisrupted ciliated edges were evaluated. Two methods were used to strictly control changes in temperature: One enabled rapid transitory measurements during cooling and warming, and the other was used to maintain accurate low temperatures over longer periods of time. RESULTS: A sigmoid relationship between CBF and temperature was observed. CBF decreased with cooling and increased with warming. Ciliary function was unaffected by the direction of temperature change and was maintained down to 2°C. The percentage of dyskinetic cilia observed at 2°C or 4°C was unchanged from that at 37°C. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to previous research, our data show that cilia continue to beat with a normal pattern at temperatures as low as 2°C. Slowing of cilia by cooling may allow detailed analysis of ciliary beat pattern without the need of expensive high-speed video microscopy.
BACKGROUND: Reports of the effect of low temperatures on ciliary beat frequency (CBF) are conflicting, and the effect on ciliary beat pattern has not been reported. We aimed to clarify this association and determine whether cooling of cilia may allow ciliary function to be assessed without the need of expensive high-speed video microscopy. METHODS: Fourteen nasal brush biopsy samples were collected, and the CBF and beat pattern of undisrupted ciliated edges were evaluated. Two methods were used to strictly control changes in temperature: One enabled rapid transitory measurements during cooling and warming, and the other was used to maintain accurate low temperatures over longer periods of time. RESULTS: A sigmoid relationship between CBF and temperature was observed. CBF decreased with cooling and increased with warming. Ciliary function was unaffected by the direction of temperature change and was maintained down to 2°C. The percentage of dyskinetic cilia observed at 2°C or 4°C was unchanged from that at 37°C. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to previous research, our data show that cilia continue to beat with a normal pattern at temperatures as low as 2°C. Slowing of cilia by cooling may allow detailed analysis of ciliary beat pattern without the need of expensive high-speed video microscopy.
Authors: Michael R Knowles; Margaret W Leigh; Johnny L Carson; Stephanie D Davis; Sharon D Dell; Thomas W Ferkol; Kenneth N Olivier; Scott D Sagel; Margaret Rosenfeld; Kimberlie A Burns; Susan L Minnix; Michael C Armstrong; Adriana Lori; Milan J Hazucha; Niki T Loges; Heike Olbrich; Anita Becker-Heck; Miriam Schmidts; Claudius Werner; Heymut Omran; Maimoona A Zariwala Journal: Thorax Date: 2011-12-18 Impact factor: 9.139
Authors: Michael R Knowles; Leigh Anne Daniels; Stephanie D Davis; Maimoona A Zariwala; Margaret W Leigh Journal: Am J Respir Crit Care Med Date: 2013-10-15 Impact factor: 21.405
Authors: Barbara R Grubb; Alessandra Livraghi-Butrico; Troy D Rogers; Weining Yin; Brian Button; Lawrence E Ostrowski Journal: Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol Date: 2016-03-11 Impact factor: 5.464
Authors: Shannon P Quinn; Maliha J Zahid; John R Durkin; Richard J Francis; Cecilia W Lo; S Chakra Chennubhotla Journal: Sci Transl Med Date: 2015-08-05 Impact factor: 17.956
Authors: Jane S Lucas; Angelo Barbato; Samuel A Collins; Myrofora Goutaki; Laura Behan; Daan Caudri; Sharon Dell; Ernst Eber; Estelle Escudier; Robert A Hirst; Claire Hogg; Mark Jorissen; Philipp Latzin; Marie Legendre; Margaret W Leigh; Fabio Midulla; Kim G Nielsen; Heymut Omran; Jean-Francois Papon; Petr Pohunek; Beatrice Redfern; David Rigau; Bernhard Rindlisbacher; Francesca Santamaria; Amelia Shoemark; Deborah Snijders; Thomy Tonia; Andrea Titieni; Woolf T Walker; Claudius Werner; Andrew Bush; Claudia E Kuehni Journal: Eur Respir J Date: 2017-01-04 Impact factor: 16.671