Liver X receptors as regulators of macrophage inflammatory and metabolic pathways.

The liver X receptors (LXRα and LXRβ) are members of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors that play essential roles in the transcriptional control of lipid metabolism. LXRs are endogenously activated by modified forms of cholesterol known as oxysterols and control the expression of genes important for cholesterol uptake, efflux, transport, and excretion in multiple tissues. In addition to their role as cholesterol sensors, a number of studies have implicated LXRs in the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Both through activation and repression mechanisms, LXRs regulate diverse aspects of inflammatory gene expression in macrophages. The ability of LXRs to coordinate metabolic and immune responses constitutes an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translating nuclear receptors from health to disease.