BACKGROUND: Resistance to thyrotropin (TSH) causes congenital hypothyroidism (CH). TSH receptor (TSHR) and adenylate cyclase-stimulating G alpha protein subunit (GNAS) loss-of-function mutations cause TSH resistance. We describe a family with TSH resistance and CH bearing a combination of inactivating mutations in TSHR and GNAS genes. We describe studies to determine the molecular mechanisms involved in TSH resistance in this family. METHODS: DNA sequencing to identify TSHR and GNAS gene mutations was performed. In vitro effects of the mutations on cAMP production and TSH binding were investigated in COS7 cells. cAMP production was evaluated by transfecting a cAMP response element (CRE)-luciferase reporter with pSVL-TSHR and pSVK3-GNAS vectors. For binding studies, cells transfected with pSVL-TSHR vectors were incubated with iodine-125 bovine TSH ((125)IbTSH). RESULTS: Family members with and without CH were heterozygous for the TSHR mutant p.E34K or the GNAS mutant c.750_751insA (=GNASMut). The propositus had CH and he was heterozygous for TSHR p.E34K; his mother, also heterozygous for TSHR p.E34K, did not have CH. The euthyroid propositus' wife was heterozygous for GNASMut. The propositus' two daughters had CH, one was heterozygous for GNASMut and the other a compound heterezygous for TSHR p.E34K and GNASMut. Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy phenotype was present in those with GNASMut mutation but only the daughters had pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a. Cells transfected with TSHRE34K had lower TSH affinity and less CRE-luciferase response than cells transfected with TSHR wild-type (WT). Cells transfected with GNASMut did not stimulate CRE-luciferase activity, but when cells were transfected with GNASMut plus GNASWT, a similar response to GNASWT alone was observed. The combination of TSHRWT and GNASWT showed higher CRE-luciferase response than TSHRWT and TSHRE34K with either GNASWT or GNASWT plus GNASMut. CONCLUSIONS: CH was caused by loss-of-function mutations in TSHR and/or GNAS. The absence of CH in the propositus' mother argues against a role for TSHR p.E34K being the only cause of CH. The minimal thyroidal phenotypic differences between the sisters with pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a and TSH resistance, both heterozygous for GNAS c.750_751insA but only one bearing the TSHR p.E34K mutant, suggest that the main cause for CH was preferential expression of the mutated maternal GNAS allele in the thyroid gland.
BACKGROUND: Resistance to thyrotropin (TSH) causes congenital hypothyroidism (CH). TSH receptor (TSHR) and adenylate cyclase-stimulating G alpha protein subunit (GNAS) loss-of-function mutations cause TSH resistance. We describe a family with TSH resistance and CH bearing a combination of inactivating mutations in TSHR and GNAS genes. We describe studies to determine the molecular mechanisms involved in TSH resistance in this family. METHODS: DNA sequencing to identify TSHR and GNAS gene mutations was performed. In vitro effects of the mutations on cAMP production and TSH binding were investigated in COS7 cells. cAMP production was evaluated by transfecting a cAMP response element (CRE)-luciferase reporter with pSVL-TSHR and pSVK3-GNAS vectors. For binding studies, cells transfected with pSVL-TSHR vectors were incubated with iodine-125 bovineTSH ((125)IbTSH). RESULTS: Family members with and without CH were heterozygous for the TSHR mutant p.E34K or the GNAS mutant c.750_751insA (=GNASMut). The propositus had CH and he was heterozygous for TSHRp.E34K; his mother, also heterozygous for TSHRp.E34K, did not have CH. The euthyroid propositus' wife was heterozygous for GNASMut. The propositus' two daughters had CH, one was heterozygous for GNASMut and the other a compound heterezygous for TSHRp.E34K and GNASMut. Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy phenotype was present in those with GNASMut mutation but only the daughters had pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a. Cells transfected with TSHRE34K had lower TSH affinity and less CRE-luciferase response than cells transfected with TSHR wild-type (WT). Cells transfected with GNASMut did not stimulate CRE-luciferase activity, but when cells were transfected with GNASMut plus GNASWT, a similar response to GNASWT alone was observed. The combination of TSHRWT and GNASWT showed higher CRE-luciferase response than TSHRWT and TSHRE34K with either GNASWT or GNASWT plus GNASMut. CONCLUSIONS: CH was caused by loss-of-function mutations in TSHR and/or GNAS. The absence of CH in the propositus' mother argues against a role for TSHRp.E34K being the only cause of CH. The minimal thyroidal phenotypic differences between the sisters with pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a and TSH resistance, both heterozygous for GNASc.750_751insA but only one bearing the TSHRp.E34K mutant, suggest that the main cause for CH was preferential expression of the mutated maternal GNAS allele in the thyroid gland.