Photoperiodic diapause in Drosophila melanogaster involves a block to the juvenile hormone regulation of ovarian maturation.

Females of Drosophila melanogaster held under short-day photoperiods at a moderately low temperature (12 degrees) enter a state of ovarian diapause in which yolk deposition in the oocytes is suspended (D. S. Saunders, V. C. Henrich, and L. I. Gilbert, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 3748-3752, 1989). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using polyclonal antibodies raised against D. melanogaster yolk polypeptides (YPs) showed that diapausing flies synthesize and accumulate YPs in the hemolymph, but very little in the ovary. Nondiapausing females at the same temperature but at long days, and short-day flies in which diapause was broken by an upshift in temperature or topical application of juvenile hormone (JH), showed enhanced titers of YPs in the ovaries, suggesting stimulating uptake. Determinations of juvenile hormone bisepoxide (JHB3) and JH III synthesis in vitro by single excised corpora allata showed that glands from nondiapausing flies or corpora allata from flies in which diapause had been broken synthesized JH at a rate about four times higher than glands from diapausing flies. Corpora allata incubated in medium supplemented with farnesoic acid showed an increase in the rate of JH synthesis, but the increase was relatively greater with corpora allata from nondiapausing flies. Glands from diapausing flies presented the appearance of newly emerged or "immature" glands. Ovarian diapause is terminated at 12 degrees LD 10:14 in 7 days following topical application of either JH III or JHB3 at a concentration of about 0.5 micrograms per fly, diapause termination being expressed by an increased rate of vitellogenesis and by an increase in the number of fully developed eggs per vitellogenic female. It is concluded that the short-day-elicited diapause in D. melanogaster results from a "block" to the JH-stimulated uptake of yolk proteins from the hemolymph, caused by a reduced rate of JH synthesis by the corpus allatum. Photoperiodic regulation of the corpus allatum may be mediated via the brain.