Doppler applications in testicular and scrotal disease.

The paper reviews the current knowledge on the use of Doppler ultrasound in disease of the testis and scrotal contents. The first part presents fundamentals on vascularization and normal Doppler appearance of the testis as well as examination technique. The review presents the applications of Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of inflammation, torsion and ischemia, varicocele, venous thrombosis, tumors, hydrocele, trauma and assessing fertility disturbance.