Automated image analysis of micronuclei by IMSTAR for biomonitoring.

For many years, the analysis of micronuclei (MN) has been successfully applied to human biomonitoring of in vivo genotoxin exposure and provides a sensitive and relatively easy methodology to assess genomic instability. However, there is a need for automation of MN analysis for rapid, more reliable and non-subjective MN detection. In this review, we evaluate the application of automated image analysis of the in vitro cytokinesis-block MN assay on human lymphocytes for human biomonitoring, starting with the requirements that should be fulfilled by a valid and efficient image analysis system. Considering these prerequisites, we compare the automated facility developed in the framework of the European Union-project NewGeneris with other already published systems for automated scoring of MN. Although the automated scoring of MN is now put into place, extension to other cytome assay end points such as apoptosis, necrosis, nuclear buds and nucleoplasmic bridges would greatly enhance the specificity and sensitivity of future biomonitoring studies. Inclusion of these end points would also allow an automated approach to in vitro genotoxicity testing. In addition, automated scoring of the MN assay in exfoliated buccal cells would be very beneficial for large-scale biomonitoring studies, as cells can be collected in a minimally invasive manner.