Insulin-like effects of tungstate and molybdate: mediation through insulin receptor independent pathways.

The insulin-like effects of tungstate (W) and molybdate (Mo) were studied in rat adipocytes and compared to those of vanadate. Other than being less potent, W and Mo resembled vanadate in stimulating lipogenesis, in activating glucose oxidation, in enhancing rate of hexose uptake, and in inhibiting lipolysis. Tungstate and molybdate did not activate the insulinreceptor tyrosine kinase (InsRTK). Quercetin which blocks InsRTK activity and insulin stimulation of glucose metabolism, failed to inhibit when these bioeffects were stimulated by W or Mo. The metalooxide, however, activated a staurosporine sensitive non receptor, cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase (CytPTK), and staurosporine blocked W or Mo dependent lipogenesis in rat adipocytes. Staurosporine did not prevent Mo and W either from activating hexose transport, or from inhibiting lipolysis. Tungstate and molybdate were less effective than vanadate in inhibiting adipose PTPases in cell free systems. Membranal PTPases were more sensitive to W and Mo inhibition than cytosolic PTPases. While the presence of a nucleophile such as hydroxylamine reversed inhibition of PTPase by vanadate it did not affect inhibition by W or Mo. In summary, the insulinomimetic effects of W and Mo appear to resemble qualitatively that of vanadate in all respects. Both act in an insulin receptor-independent-fashion, activate CytPTK and trigger additional effects that are not mediated by the InsRTK or by CytPTK. The quantitative differences may be attributed to reduced capacity of W and Mo relative to vanadate to inhibit the relevant PTPases in intact cells.