Coronary stents: factors contributing to perioperative major adverse cardiovascular events.

Patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery are at increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events perioperatively. Impeccable patient care and communication between all members of the healthcare team will minimize this risk. The dominant risk factor for stent thrombosis and major adverse cardiovascular events is the interruption of dual antiplatelet therapy (e.g. aspirin and clopidogrel). If clopidogrel therapy has to be interrupted due to increased risk of bleeding, continuation of aspirin is strongly recommended to reduce the risk of stent thrombosis. The interval between percutaneous coronary interventions and operation is the next major risk factor for stent thrombosis. The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events is inversely related to this interval, with the highest mortality rate occurring <30 days after stent implantation. Ideally, for patients with drug-eluting stents, elective surgery should be delayed for at least 1 yr and for patients with bare-metal stents, the recommended minimum period is 6 weeks. The use of a neuraxial anaesthetic technique must be carefully considered due to the risk of an epidural haematoma. Perioperative monitoring should focus on early recognition of myocardial ischaemia, infarction, or both. If stent thrombosis is present, rapid triage to an interventional catheterization laboratory is essential for restoration of coronary blood flow.