Psychological treatment of chronic pain.

Psychological treatment has emerged as a common component of a multidimensional and interdisciplinary plan of pain care for many persons with persistent pain. Treatments are informed by a biopsychosocial model of pain and a long history of psychological research that has identified the central role of behavioral, cognitive, and emotional factors that are believed to contribute to the perpetuation, if not the development, of chronic pain and pain-related disability and emotional distress. Empirically supported self-regulatory, behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, and acceptance and commitment interventions are reviewed, and current and future interventions are highlighted. Important issues related to individual differences and disparities in the experience of pain and pain treatment are discussed. In particular, race and ethnicity are considered, and special considerations for the management of pain in children and older adults are discussed.