A new wetting mechanism based upon triple contact line pinning.

The classical Wenzel and Cassie models fail to give a physical explanation of such phenomenon as the macroscopic contact angle actually being equal to the Young's contact angle if there is a spot (surface defect) inside the droplet. Here, we derive the expression of the macroscopic contact angle for this special substrate in use of the principle of least potential energy, and our analytical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Our findings also suggest that it is the triple contact line (TCL) rather than the contact area that dominates the contact angle. Therefore a new model based upon the TCL pinning is developed to explain the different wetting properties of the Wenzel and Cassie models for hydrophilic and hydrophobic cases. Moreover, the new model predicts the macroscopic contact angle in a broader range accurately, which is consistent with the existing experimental findings. This study revisits the fundamentals of wetting on rough substrates. The new model derived will help to design better superhydrophobic materials and provide the prediction required to engineer novel microfluidic devices.