Endovascular interventions for acute pulmonary embolism.

Massive pulmonary embolism (PE) is a highly lethal condition with clinical manifestations of hemodynamic instability, acute right ventricular (RV) failure, and cardiogenic shock. Submassive PE, as defined by RV failure or troponin elevation, can result in life-threatening sequelae if treatment is not initiated promptly. Current treatment paradigm in patients with massive PE mandates prompt risk stratification with aggressive therapeutic strategies. With the advent of endovascular technologies, various catheter-based thrombectomy and thrombolytic devices are available to treat patients with massive or submassive PE. In this article, a variety of endovascular treatment strategies for PE are analyzed. The authors' institutional experience with ultrasound-accelerated thrombolytic therapy as well as catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute massive PE during a recent 10-year period is discussed. Finally, clinical evidence on the utilization of catheter-based interventions in patients with massive and submassive PE is also analyzed.