Thromboembolic and bleeding complications in acute leukemia.

The risk of both thromboembolic and bleeding complications is high in acute leukemia. This double hazard has a significant negative impact on the morbidity and mortality of patients with this disease. The clinical manifestations of both complications show special features specific to the form of acute leukemia. Recognition of these characteristics is important in the diagnosis and management of acute leukemia. In this article, several additional issues are addressed, including the features of bleeding and thrombosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia, the current understanding of the leukostasis syndrome and the iatrogenic complications including catheter-associated thrombosis, and the adverse effects of therapeutic agents used in acute leukemia. As regards the bleeding complications, thrombocytopenia is a major cause. Corrective measures, including recent guidelines on platelet transfusions, are provided.