OBJECTIVES: The role of neuroinflammation in schizophrenia has been an issue for long time. There are reports supporting the hypothesis of ongoing inflammation and others denying it. This may be partly ascribed to the origin of the materials (CSF, blood, brain tissue) or to the genes selected for the respective studies. Moreover, in some locations, inflammatory genes may be up-regulated, others may be down-regulated. METHODS: Genome-wide microarrays have been used for expression profiling in post-mortem brains of schizophrenia patients. Array data have been analyzed by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and further confirmed with selected genes by real-time PCR. RESULTS: In Brodman Area 22 of left superior temporal cortex, at least 70 genes (19%) out of 369 down-regulated genes (P < 0.05) belonged to the immune system. 23 from those 70 genes were randomly selected for real-time PCR. Six reached significance level at P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: The present data support a brain-specific view of the role immune-modulatory genes may play in the left superior temporal cortex in schizophrenia, because immune functions in the patients are not disturbed. In keeping with comparable, previous studies supporting the notion that schizophrenia is a disease of the synapse, we hypothesize that dysregulation of immune-related genes modifies synaptic functions and stability in this region.
OBJECTIVES: The role of neuroinflammation in schizophrenia has been an issue for long time. There are reports supporting the hypothesis of ongoing inflammation and others denying it. This may be partly ascribed to the origin of the materials (CSF, blood, brain tissue) or to the genes selected for the respective studies. Moreover, in some locations, inflammatory genes may be up-regulated, others may be down-regulated. METHODS: Genome-wide microarrays have been used for expression profiling in post-mortem brains of schizophreniapatients. Array data have been analyzed by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and further confirmed with selected genes by real-time PCR. RESULTS: In Brodman Area 22 of left superior temporal cortex, at least 70 genes (19%) out of 369 down-regulated genes (P < 0.05) belonged to the immune system. 23 from those 70 genes were randomly selected for real-time PCR. Six reached significance level at P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: The present data support a brain-specific view of the role immune-modulatory genes may play in the left superior temporal cortex in schizophrenia, because immune functions in the patients are not disturbed. In keeping with comparable, previous studies supporting the notion that schizophrenia is a disease of the synapse, we hypothesize that dysregulation of immune-related genes modifies synaptic functions and stability in this region.
Authors: C Sellmann; L Villarín Pildaín; A Schmitt; F Leonardi-Essmann; P F Durrenberger; R Spanagel; T Arzberger; H Kretzschmar; M Zink; O Gruber; M Herrera-Marschitz; R Reynolds; P Falkai; P J Gebicke-Haerter; F Matthäus Journal: Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci Date: 2013-11-28 Impact factor: 5.270
Authors: Pascal F Durrenberger; Francesca S Fernando; Samira N Kashefi; Tim P Bonnert; Danielle Seilhean; Brahim Nait-Oumesmar; Andrea Schmitt; Peter J Gebicke-Haerter; Peter Falkai; Edna Grünblatt; Miklos Palkovits; Thomas Arzberger; Hans Kretzschmar; David T Dexter; Richard Reynolds Journal: J Neural Transm (Vienna) Date: 2014-08-13 Impact factor: 3.575
Authors: Johanna Hass; Esther Walton; Carrie Wright; Andreas Beyer; Markus Scholz; Jessica Turner; Jingyu Liu; Michael N Smolka; Veit Roessner; Scott R Sponheim; Randy L Gollub; Vince D Calhoun; Stefan Ehrlich Journal: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry Date: 2015-01-15 Impact factor: 5.067
Authors: Andrea Schmitt; Fernando Leonardi-Essmann; Pascal F Durrenberger; Sven P Wichert; Rainer Spanagel; Thomas Arzberger; Hans Kretzschmar; Mathias Zink; Mario Herrera-Marschitz; Richard Reynolds; Moritz J Rossner; Peter Falkai; Peter J Gebicke-Haerter Journal: Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci Date: 2012-03-23 Impact factor: 5.270