Pharmacokinetic applications of microdevices and microsampling techniques.

Pharmacokinetic studies require information regarding drug concentration at numerous time points during the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. In order to obtain reproducible and good-quality data, the sampling method is as important as the bioanalytical method. A further difficulty in performing pharmacokinetic studies is related to the limited amount of sample that can be collected in some cases. Since analytical methods should interfere as little as possible with the investigated organism, microsampling techniques are a natural choice for pharmacokinetic studies. Accordingly, microdevices and microsampling approaches have been used increasingly in recent years for a wide variety of analytical applications, including analysis of drugs in biological samples. Such techniques not only reduce the amount of reagents needed for analysis, but are also faster and less disrupting. This review provides a brief overview of contemporary microsampling techniques: collection of small sample aliquots, ultrafiltration, microdialysis, solid-phase microextraction, biosensors and microfluidics. It is concluded that recent developments in microsampling and microdevices promise to streamline pharmacokinetic studies and bring bedside monitoring of therapeutic drugs into clinical practice.