Genetics of familial renal cancers.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a heterogeneous disorder. A variety of histopathological subtypes occur, and the molecular mechanisms associated with these subtypes can differ. Only a small fraction of all RCC is accounted for by inherited cases (e.g. von Hippel-Lindau disease, Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, hereditary leiomyomatosis renal cell cancer), but such cases can pose specific clinical management issues and offer opportunities for early cancer detection and prevention. Furthermore, inherited RCC syndromes have provided important paradigms to study the molecular basis of renal tumourigenesis. The identification of molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis in inherited RCC syndromes should lead to novel approaches to personalized therapeutics.