Genetic variations and transplant outcomes.

Extensive genetic variation has been described in molecules regulating innate and adaptive immunity, pharmacokinetics, coagulation, and fibrosis. However, large prospective studies need to be performed to define the clinical consequences of such variation and the potential benefits of genotyping these markers for patients. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent data describing associations of polymorphisms in both immunological and non-immunological molecules with transplant outcomes, and discuss their clinical implications and limitations.