Molecular analysis of HBV genotypes and subgenotypes in the Central-East region of Tunisia.

BACKGROUND: In Tunisia, country of intermediate endemicity for Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, most molecular studies on the virus have been carried out in the North of the country and little is known about other regions. The aim of this study was to determine HBV genotype and subgenotypes in Central-East Tunisia. A total of 217 HBs antigen positive patients were enrolled and determination of genotype was investigated in 130 patients with detectable HBV DNA. HBV genotyping methods were: PCR-RFLP on the pre-S region, a PCR using type-specific primers in the S region (TSP-PCR) and partial sequencing in the pre-S region.
RESULTS: Three genotypes (D, B and A) were detected by the PCR-RFLP method and two (D and A) with the TSP-PCR method, the concordance between the two methods was 93%. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 32 strains, retrieved the same genotype (D and A) for samples with concordant results and genotype D for samples with discordant results. The sequences of discordant genotypes had a restriction site in the pre-S gene which led to erroneous result by the PCR-RFLP method. Thus, prevalence of genotype D and A was 96% and 4%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed the predominance of two subgenotypes D1 (55%) and D7 (41%). Only one strain clustered with D3 subgenotype (3%).
CONCLUSIONS: Predominance of subgenotype D7 appears to occur in northern regions of Africa with transition to subgenotype D1 in the East of the continent. HBV genetic variability may lead to wrong results in rapid genotyping methods and sequence analysis is needed to clarify atypical results.

Background

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major global health problems; more than 400 million persons are chronically infected by HBV with high risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [1]. Several viral factors influence the outcome of the infection such as DNA levels, viral mutations and HBV genotypes [2,3]. Based on sequence divergence in the entire genome, eight genotypes (A to H), differing by at least 8%, have been identified [4,5]. Genotypes A to D and F have been, recently, divided into multiple sub-genotypes with a difference ranging from 4 to 8% in their nucleotide sequences [1,3]. Sequencing is the gold standard to classify HBV genotypes and sub-genotypes; however, the method is expensive and fastidious [5]. To overcome this problem, different techniques have been developed, based on either PCR with type-specific primers, PCR with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) or PCR-hybridization probe [6-8,5]. These rapid molecular methods have been performed in many countries for epidemiological studies.

HBV genotypes have a characteristic geographical distribution: genotype A is prevalent in Europe, India, Africa and America. Genotypes B and C are predominant in China, Japan and Southern Asia whereas genotype D is widespread in the Mediterranean area and the Middle East region. Genotype E is found in patients from West Africa and genotype F in Central and South America. Genotype H has been described in Mexico and Central America. Genotype G has been first identified in France and the United States, and was recently detected in Mexico [2].

Tunisia is a country with an intermediate HBV endemicity; prevalence of HBsAg range from 4 to 7% in the general population [9]. The rate of HBsAg positivity varies widely from the north to the south of the country [9,10]. Previous studies reported predominance of genotype D (over than 80%) with limited circulation of genotypes A, B, C and E [11,12]. For HBV subgenotypes, only one study has been previously conducted with description of a novel subgenotype named D7 [13]. All these molecular studies were performed in the north part of the country; no data are yet available in the other regions.

The present work aimed to complete Tunisian data on HBV genotypes and subgenotypes circulation. For this purpose, this study was conducted on HBV infected patients originating from the central part of Tunisia. Two molecular approaches based either on a multiplex-PCR using specific primers or RFLP were used to identify HBV genotypes. Partial sequencing was performed to confirm the results obtained by these methods and to study HBV subgenotypes.

Study design

Studied population

Our population included 217 patients infected by HBV and recruited during the period from September 2007 to September 2008. All of these patients were previously tested for HBsAg by immuno-enzymatic test (Abbott AXSYM(r) HBsAg Assay) and were positive for this marker. Patients aged from 7 to 80 year-old (mean age 36.38 ± 14.26 years) with a M/F sex ratio of 0.68. They attended different primary care centers in the central region of Tunisia (governorates of Sousse, Monastir, Mahdia and Kairouan). Six patients with chronic hepatitis and two with cirrhosis were positive for HBeAg (Table 1).

Table 1

HBe Ag positivity and HBV DNA detection according to clinical status

		Positive HBe Ag		Positive HBV DNA
Clinical status	N (%)	N	%	N	%
Acute hepatitis	2 (1%)	2	-	2	-
Inactive carriers	162 (74.6%)	0	0%	82	50.6%
Chronic hepatitis	40 (18.4%)	6	15%	39	97.5%
Cirrhosis	13 (6%)	2	15,38	7	53.8

Viral DNA extraction and genotyping

HBV DNA was extracted from 200 μl of serum samples using QIAamp DNA blood kit (Qiagen, Chatsworth, CA). HBV DNA was detected by PCR amplification of the fragment located between nucleotides 2823 and 80 in the Pre-S region of HBV genome, as described by Lindh et al [7]. The sensitivity of this method was previously estimated to be 103 copies/ml.

Two genotyping methods were used:

- RFLP analysis of the fragment obtained by PCR amplification in the Pre-S region: the amplification product was digested separately by AvaII and DpnII restriction enzymes with separation of the resulting DNA fragments by electrophoresis in a 4% agarose gel stained by ethidium bromide. Genotypes A to F of HBV were identified by the obtained restriction patterns according to Lindh et al [7].

- PCR amplification using type-specific primers (TSP-PCR) described previously by Naito et al [6]: it is a nested PCR with a first amplification of a 1063 fragment located between nucleotides 2823 and 704 in the Pre-S and S regions of the genome followed by a second amplification with two separate mixtures A and B. These mixtures allow specific detection of genotypes A (68 bp), B (281 bp), and C (122 bp) for the first one and genotypes D (119 bp), E (167 bp), and F (97 bp) for the second.

These two genotyping methods are unable to identify genotype G and H. Both HBV genotyping methods were performed on all patients' specimens.

Sequencing was performed with a BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing kit on an ABI 3130 automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany), with the same primers as those used for PCR amplification of pre-S region. The sequences obtained were compared with published sequences from the same genomic region available in GenBank.

Alignment was performed using CLUSTAL W method in MEGA 4.1 software. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbour-joining algorithm of MEGA4.1. software, with 1000 Bootstrap replicates.

Results

Sixty percent of patients (n = 130 out of 217) were positive by PCR amplification in the pre-S region. HBV DNA was detected for all patients with positive HBeAg and for 58% with positive anti-HBe sera. Table 1 shows the HBe Ag status and the PCR amplification results in the studied population.

PCR-RFLP and TSP-PCR were successfully assessed for the 130 samples with detectable HBV DNA. Three HBV genotypes were detected by PCR-RFLP: D, A and B (Figure 1). Genotype D was observed in 89% of the cases with a restriction pattern corresponding to D2 (undigested with Ava II and bands 306 pb, 88 pb, 52 pb with Dpn II). Genotype A was detected in 4% of the cases with specific RFLP profile of A1 pattern (301 pb, 121 pb, 57 pb with AvaII and 318 pb, 109 pb and 52 pb with DpnII). In 7% of the cases, a restriction profile corresponding to genotype B was observed (matching with B6 pattern: 319 pb and 160 bp with Ava II and 318 pb, 109 pb and 52 pb with DpnII). This profile was observed in 5 cirrhotic cases.

Figure 1

Genotyping of HBV by the RFLP-PCR method. Ava II : pre-S region digested with AvaII; DpnII: pre-S region digested with DpnII;

Und: undigested pre-S fragment; M: molecular size standards,

Different results were provided by TSP-PCR: only two genotypes, D and A, were detected in 96% and 4% of the samples, respectively. Concordance with PCR-RFLP was found in 93% of the cases (121/130). The nine cases classified as genotype B by PCR-RFLP were identified as genotype D by TSP-PCR.

Partial sequencing in the pre-S region was performed for 32 samples: seven of nine samples with discordant results by the two methods used and 25 with concordant results (24 with genotype D and 1 with genotype A). Figure 2 shows a phylogenetic tree obtained after comparison with selected sequences from GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the concordant results between the two genotyping methods. For the 7 samples with discordant genotype results, the genotype determined through sequencing was D (Table 2). Thus, real frequencies of genotype D and A strains were 96% and 4% respectively.

Figure 2

Phylogenetic analysis based on 86 sequences of 431 nucleotides within the HBsAg region. The evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. There were a total of 431 positions in the final dataset. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA4. Sequences from patients included in this study are labeled with a red dot. Reference sequences are indicated by their accession number.

Table 2

Clinical status, subgenotype and genotype of HBV strains according to the genotyping method.

		Genotype determined using
Sample	Clinical status	PCR-RFLP	TSP-PCR	Sequencing	Subgenotype
1	Inactive carrier	D	D	D	D1
2	Inactive carrier	D	D	D	D1
3	Inactive carrier	D	D	D	D1
4	Inactive carrier	D	D	D	D1
5	Inactive carrier	D	D	D	D1
6	Chronic hepatitis	D	D	D	D1
7	Chronic hepatitis	D	D	D	D1
8	Chronic hepatitis	D	D	D	D1
9	Chronic hepatitis	D	D	D	D1
10	Chronic hepatitis	D	D	D	D1
11	Chronic hepatitis	D	D	D	D1
12	Chronic hepatitis	D	D	D	D1
13	Chronic hepatitis	D	D	D	D1
14	Chronic hepatitis	D	D	D	D1
15	Chronic hepatitis	D	D	D	D1
16	Inactive carrier	D	D	D	D7
17	Inactive carrier	D	D	D	D7
18	Inactive carrier	D	D	D	D7
19	Inactive carrier	D	D	D	D7
20	Chronic hepatitis	D	D	D	D7
21	Chronic hepatitis	D	D	D	D7
22	Chronic hepatitis	D	D	D	D7
23	Chronic hepatitis	D	D	D	D7
24	Cirrhosis	D	D	D	D7
25	Cirrhosis	B	D	D	D1
26	Cirrhosis	B	D	D	D1
27	Chronic hepatitis	B	D	D	D7
28	cirrhosis	B	D	D	D7
29	cirrhosis	B	D	D	D7
30	cirrhosis	B	D	D	D7
31	Chronic hepatitis	B	D	D	D 3
32	Inactive carrier	A	A	A	-

Discordant results are shaded.

Analysis of the region located between nucleotides 2823 and 80 in pre-S gene in samples giving erroneous result with the RFLP method revealed the presence of an additional restriction site for AvaII in our sequences. The new restriction site resulted in an additional fragment of 160 pb. The presence of the same site of restriction in this region of genotype D strains was also observed in 8 sequences available in GenBank under the following assession numbers: DQ464170, EU594406, AB109478, AY796031, FJ349235, FJ001987, FJ904365 and FJ904433[13-17].

Among the 31 genotype D strains, phylogenetic analysis showed predominance of subgenotypes D1 (54%). A total of 13 samples (41%) clustered into the novel D7 subgenotype group and just one belonged to D3 subgenotype (3%).

Discussion

Our study, conducted for the first time in a population from the Central-East of Tunisia, identified genotype D as the most prevalent in this region. These findings are concordant with previous studies conducted in the North of the country where genotype D was detected in more than 90% of chronic hepatitis B cases [11-13]. All these results from different regions confirm that genotype D is largely circulating in the country. Globally, this genotype is known by its high prevalence in the Mediterranean area, the near and middle east, and south Asia and its high risk of provoking fulminant hepatitis. It is also responsible of severe chronic liver diseases more frequently than other genotypes [1,3,18]. Genotype D is also known to be frequently associated with pre-core mutants which increase the risk of evolution to cirrhosis and HCC [11]. This type of mutants seems to be frequent in our population in view of the fact that 59% of the patients are characterized by the absence of HBeAg but detectable HBV DNA.

Beside genotype D, only genotype A was detected from a few samples in our study. Genotype A was previously identified in 6 to 8% of Tunisian patients in co-circulation with genotypes B, C and E [11-13]. The lack of detection of these latest genotypes, in our study, could be explained by the origin of our patients which was different from what described previously or by the techniques used which have different sensitivity to detect genotypes [19]. Indeed, genotype G and H were not investigated for all patients because the two rapid methods do not allow identification of these genotypes. Yet, sequencing performed for 32 of our strains did not objective their presence. As reported by previous studies conducted in Tunisians, these two genotypes seem to be not circulating in our country. However, more investigations should be performed, especially for genotype G which was previously described in a Mediterranean country (France) [2].

For HBV genotyping, three methods were used, PCR-RFLP, TSP-PCR and partial sequencing; discordant results were observed between PCR-RFLP and TSP-PCR especially for genotype B. Discordance between these two methods can be related to the high variability of HBV genome which results in changes of enzyme restriction sites, suppressing known sites or creating new ones. These later modifications may lead to erroneous results with RFLP methods [19,20]. Analysis of our sequences is in agreement with this methodological artefact. Indeed, it revealed the presence of an additional restriction site for Ava-II in the pre-S region which has not been described previously [7]. Furthermore, this additional site is also present in other sequences deposited in Genbank by several authors [13-17]. This restriction site resulted, in our study, in an additional fragment of 160 pb with a RFLP pattern of genotype B but it did not interfere with results of other studies relying on sequencing methods and which succeeded in identifying genotype D [13-17]. For this reason, results obtained by PCR-RFLP should be carefully analyzed because introduction of new restriction site in targeted sequences can lead to erroneous results with this technique [21]. The genotyping based on this RFLP method is largely used for epidemiological studies because it is easy to perform but this approach suffers some limits especially in area with high prevalence of genotype D [22-25].

Sequencing, performed for discordant samples, gave fully concordant results to those obtained by TSP-PCR; thus, it reveals the high efficiency of this later method [6,7]. Lim et al have also previously reported more specific results by TSP-PCR in comparison to a PCR-RFLP based method described by Lindh et al. in 1998 [26]. The principal advantage of TSP-PCR is the region of the genome targeted by this method; in fact, TSP-PCR amplifies part of the S region which is known to be more accurate for genotypic determination than the pre-S gene amplified by PCR-RFLP [26,27]. The bias observed between the two PCR based methods could then be simply due to the region used for genotyping.

In addition to the risk of erroneous results, the limit of the rapid methods using classic PCR is the low sensitivity of DNA detection (the limit of detection of our method being 103 copies/ml). This explains that the genotyping method was performed for only 60% of positive HBs Ag patients in our study. Due to this lower sensitivity, one cannot exclude that genotype distribution studied with our method may be slightly biased on samples with higher viral load. Confirmation of our findings with a more sensitive technique would be of interest.

Phylogenetic analysis and comparison to other Tunisian sequences of genotype D revealed high identity between sequences and identified two subgenotypes for our patients, D7 (41%) and D1 (56%). D7 is a novel subgenotype identified, for the first time, by Meldal et al in 59% of Tunisian patients [13]. Data from Algeria and Morrocco suggested the predominance of this new subgenotype in the region [23,28]. Subgenotype D1 is predominant in the Eastern part of Africa; Saudy et al described it in Egypt [29]. Our region geographically located between northern Africa and the east of the continent seems to be a transition zone between subgenotype D7 and subgenotype D1. Subgenotype D3 was observed in only few cases in our study and is related to Italian sequences; this result reflects probably regular human migration between Tunisia and Italy. Limitation of our study is obviously the relative short fragment studied to construct our phylogenetic analyses with the risk of poor discrimination between subtypes or even misclassification. Although this approach might be sufficient for screening, complete genome based genotyping is certainly required for accurate classification. In our study we did not find any correlation between clinical status and D subgenotype; further works including a larger proportion of inactive carriers are needed to confirm our findings.

In conclusion, our study completes previous Tunisian data and confirms the predominance of genotype D and subgenotypes D1 and D7. Our comparison between two simple genotyping methods that are largely used for epidemiological studies demonstrates the importance of sequencing to confirm results when the results are discordant.

Abbreviations

HBV: Hepatitis B Virus; DNA: Desoxyribonucleic Acid; HBs Ag: Hepatitis B surface Antigen; HBe Ag: HBe Antigen; anti-HBe: anti-HBe antibodies; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; bp: base pair; RFLP: restriction fragment length polymorphism; TSP-PCR: PCR amplification using type-specific primers.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

NH and OB conceived of the study, participated in its design, and in drafting the manuscript. HT and JB participated in the study design and coordination and in discussing manuscript. NH, NBF and OB carried out the serological tests, molecular genetic studies; participated in data analysis and in the sequence alignment and drafted the manuscript. VT participated in the sequence alignment, in phylogenetic analysis and drafted the manuscript. JG and AF participated in the sequence analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.