Natasha Rekhtman1. 1. Department of Pathology,Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. rekhtman@mskcc.org
Abstract
CONTEXT: The 2004 World Health Organization (WHO) classification recognizes 4 major types of lung neuroendocrine tumors: typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, small cell lung cancer, and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Markedly different prognostic implications and treatment paradigms for these tumors underscore the importance of accurate pathologic diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To detail the clinical and pathologic features of lung neuroendocrine tumors, with emphasis on diagnostic criteria, differential diagnoses, and application of immunohistochemistry. The emerging evidence for the utility of Ki-67 (MIB1) in the diagnosis of lung neuroendocrine tumors, particularly in small biopsy and cytology, is emphasized. DATA SOURCES: The 2004 WHO classification, other published literature, and primary material from the author's institution. CONCLUSIONS: The current WHO classification of neuroendocrine tumors is based on morphologic features in combination with precisely defined mitotic rate and absence or presence of necrosis. Ki-67 (MIB1) is emerging as a useful ancillary tool in the diagnosis of these tumors. Continued research efforts are needed to identify additional immunohistochemical and molecular biomarkers that can serve as ancillary diagnostic tools and as potential therapeutic targets for these diseases.
CONTEXT: The 2004 World Health Organization (WHO) classification recognizes 4 major types of lung neuroendocrine tumors: typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, small cell lung cancer, and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Markedly different prognostic implications and treatment paradigms for these tumors underscore the importance of accurate pathologic diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To detail the clinical and pathologic features of lung neuroendocrine tumors, with emphasis on diagnostic criteria, differential diagnoses, and application of immunohistochemistry. The emerging evidence for the utility of Ki-67 (MIB1) in the diagnosis of lung neuroendocrine tumors, particularly in small biopsy and cytology, is emphasized. DATA SOURCES: The 2004 WHO classification, other published literature, and primary material from the author's institution. CONCLUSIONS: The current WHO classification of neuroendocrine tumors is based on morphologic features in combination with precisely defined mitotic rate and absence or presence of necrosis. Ki-67 (MIB1) is emerging as a useful ancillary tool in the diagnosis of these tumors. Continued research efforts are needed to identify additional immunohistochemical and molecular biomarkers that can serve as ancillary diagnostic tools and as potential therapeutic targets for these diseases.
Authors: Paul A Bunn; John D Minna; Alexander Augustyn; Adi F Gazdar; Youcef Ouadah; Mark A Krasnow; Anton Berns; Elisabeth Brambilla; Natasha Rekhtman; Pierre P Massion; Matthew Niederst; Martin Peifer; Jun Yokota; Ramaswamy Govindan; John T Poirier; Lauren A Byers; Murry W Wynes; David G McFadden; David MacPherson; Christine L Hann; Anna F Farago; Caroline Dive; Beverly A Teicher; Craig D Peacock; Jane E Johnson; Melanie H Cobb; Hans-Guido Wendel; David Spigel; Julien Sage; Ping Yang; M Catherine Pietanza; Lee M Krug; John Heymach; Peter Ujhazy; Caicun Zhou; Koichi Goto; Afshin Dowlati; Camilla Laulund Christensen; Keunchil Park; Lawrence H Einhorn; Martin J Edelman; Giuseppe Giaccone; David E Gerber; Ravi Salgia; Taofeek Owonikoko; Shakun Malik; Niki Karachaliou; David R Gandara; Ben J Slotman; Fiona Blackhall; Glenwood Goss; Roman Thomas; Charles M Rudin; Fred R Hirsch Journal: J Thorac Oncol Date: 2016-01-30 Impact factor: 15.609
Authors: Gurkan Mollaoglu; Matthew R Guthrie; Stefanie Böhm; Johannes Brägelmann; Ismail Can; Paul M Ballieu; Annika Marx; Julie George; Christine Heinen; Milind D Chalishazar; Haixia Cheng; Abbie S Ireland; Kendall E Denning; Anandaroop Mukhopadhyay; Jeffery M Vahrenkamp; Kristofer C Berrett; Timothy L Mosbruger; Jun Wang; Jessica L Kohan; Mohamed E Salama; Benjamin L Witt; Martin Peifer; Roman K Thomas; Jason Gertz; Jane E Johnson; Adi F Gazdar; Robert J Wechsler-Reya; Martin L Sos; Trudy G Oliver Journal: Cancer Cell Date: 2017-01-12 Impact factor: 31.743
Authors: Laura R Saunders; Alexander J Bankovich; Wade C Anderson; Monette A Aujay; Sheila Bheddah; KristenAnn Black; Radhika Desai; Paul A Escarpe; Johannes Hampl; Amy Laysang; David Liu; Javier Lopez-Molina; Milly Milton; Albert Park; Marybeth A Pysz; Hui Shao; Brian Slingerland; Michael Torgov; Samuel A Williams; Orit Foord; Philip Howard; Jacek Jassem; Andrzej Badzio; Piotr Czapiewski; David H Harpole; Afshin Dowlati; Pierre P Massion; William D Travis; M Catherine Pietanza; J T Poirier; Charles M Rudin; Robert A Stull; Scott J Dylla Journal: Sci Transl Med Date: 2015-08-26 Impact factor: 17.956
Authors: Robert A Ramirez; Aman Chauhan; Juan Gimenez; Katharine E H Thomas; Ioni Kokodis; Brianne A Voros Journal: Rev Endocr Metab Disord Date: 2017-12 Impact factor: 6.514