Treatment for intermediate and high-risk prostate cancer: controversial issues and the role of hyperthermia.

For patients affected by intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer, a single local therapy is not enough, and a more aggressive treatment, such as androgen suppression therapy (AST) and pelvic irradiation, is indicated. Biochemical disease-free survival (bDFS) and overall survival (OS) improve in intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer using radiotherapy (RT) combined with AST as compared with the RT alone. Hyperthermia (HT), combined with RT for the treatment of prostate cancer with intermediate- and high-risk, has been defined as "promising". In the development of new strategies, the reduction of short and long-term treatment related toxicity is of primary importance. Quality of Life (QoL) has been previously investigated and the authors concluded that HT does not negatively impact QoL in patients treated with radiation and HT. The use of HT in treating advanced prostate cancer has been reported by many centres; several studies suggest the feasibility of HT added to conventional RT. In intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer, the combination of RT plus a long-term androgen suppression provides good results in terms of OS and QoL. HT, improving the anti-cancer effects of irradiation, as demonstrated by experimental in vitro and in vivo studies, could increase the outcome in the treatment of locally advanced prostate tumours without adding toxicity. A randomised phase III trial comparing RT-AST combined treatment plus/minus HT is needed to demonstrate the efficacy of HT.