Assessment of interindividual and geographic variability in human exposure to fine particulate matter in environmental tobacco smoke.

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major contributor to indoor human exposures to fine particulate matter of 2.5 μm or smaller (PM(2.5) ). The Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation for Particulate Matter (SHEDS-PM) Model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates distributions of outdoor and indoor PM(2.5) exposure for a specified population based on ambient concentrations and indoor emissions sources. A critical assessment was conducted of the methodology and data used in SHEDS-PM for estimation of indoor exposure to ETS. For the residential microenvironment, SHEDS uses a mass-balance approach, which is comparable to best practices. The default inputs in SHEDS-PM were reviewed and more recent and extensive data sources were identified. Sensitivity analysis was used to determine which inputs should be prioritized for updating. Data regarding the proportion of smokers and "other smokers" and cigarette emission rate were found to be important. SHEDS-PM does not currently account for in-vehicle ETS exposure; however, in-vehicle ETS-related PM(2.5) levels can exceed those in residential microenvironments by a factor of 10 or more. Therefore, a mass-balance-based methodology for estimating in-vehicle ETS PM(2.5) concentration is evaluated. Recommendations are made regarding updating of input data and algorithms related to ETS exposure in the SHEDS-PM model. Interindividual variability for ETS exposure was quantified. Geographic variability in ETS exposure was quantified based on the varying prevalence of smokers in five selected locations in the United States.