Regional anaesthesia and analgesia in the neonate.

A large number of published studies have shown that the use of diverse regional anaesthetic techniques is associated with high-quality pain relief following the different types of surgery and painful procedures that are commonly performed in neonatal patients. Apart from pain, few studies have examined other outcomes in this setting. Some data suggest a benefit with regional anaesthesia. In a retrospective study, Bosenberg et al. found that the use of epidural analgesia in neonatal patients undergoing tracheo-oesophageal fistula repair resulted in a reduced need for postoperative mechanical ventilation. Furthermore, epidural analgesia was found to be associated with a significant and beneficial modification of the neuroendocrine surgical stress response after major abdominal surgery in infants when compared to postoperative morphine infusions. The use of local anaesthetics in association with neonatal circumcision has also shown a benefit as neonates not treated with eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA) or a penile block had an exaggerated pain response to later vaccinations as compared with neonates treated with a local anaesthetic technique. Finally, safety data generated from large, prospective studies and audits clearly show that the use of paediatric regional anaesthetic techniques is associated with adequate safety also in neonatal patients. In conclusion, a large variety of local and regional anaesthetic techniques can be safely used in neonatal patients. The use of such techniques must obviously be associated with sufficient knowledge about the various techniques, as well as adherence to adequate dosage guidelines and other safety precautions. However, if these prerequisites are met, regional anaesthesia may offer great advantages to our smallest and most vulnerable patients.