The molecular fingerprint of cardiac dyssynchrony and cardiac resynchronization therapy.

To date, cardiac resynchronization therapy remains the only treatment that enhances systolic function while improving long-term outcome and survival. Here, we review the molecular alterations associated with dyssynchronous heart failure and their reversibility induced by cardiac resynchronization therapy. We focus upon the molecular portrait of dyssynchronous heart failure and how cardiac resynchronization therapy influences electrophysiologic, metabolic and adrenergic pathways.