RATIONALE: activity of the large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK) channels is profoundly modulated by its β(1) subunit (BK-β(1)). However, BK-β(1) expression is downregulated in diabetic vessels. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a major mechanism of intracellular protein degradation. Whether UPS participates in BK-β(1) downregulation in diabetic vessels is unknown. OBJECTIVE: we hypothesize that UPS facilitates vascular BK-β(1) degradation in diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS: using patch clamp and molecular biological approaches, we found that BK-β(1)-mediated channel activation and BK-β(1) protein expression were reduced in aortas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and in human coronary arterial smooth muscle cells (CASMCs) cultured in high glucose. This was accompanied by upregulation of F-box only protein (FBXO)-9 and FBXO-32 (atrogin-1), the key components of the Skp1-Cullin-F-box (SCF) type ubiquitin ligase complex. BK-β(1) expression was suppressed by the FBXO activator doxorubicin but enhanced by FBXO-9 small interfering RNA or by the proteasome inhibitor MG-132. Cotransfection of atrogin-1 in HEK293 cells significantly reduced Flag-hSlo-β(1) expression by 2.16-fold, compared with expression of Flag-hSlo-β(1)V146A (a mutant without the PDZ-binding motif). After cotransfection with atrogin-1, the ubiquitination of Flag-hSlo-β(1) was increased by 1.91-fold, compared with that of hSlo-β(1)V146A, whereas cotransfection with atrogin-1ΔF (a nonfunctional mutant without the F-box motif) had no effect. Moreover, inhibition of Akt signaling attenuated the phosphorylation of forkhead box O transcription factor (FOXO)-3a and enhanced atrogin-1 expression, which in turn suppressed BK-β(1) protein levels in human CASMCs. CONCLUSIONS: downregulation of vascular BK-β(1) expression in diabetes and in high-glucose culture conditions was associated with FOXO-3a/FBXO-dependent increase in BK-β(1) degradation.
RATIONALE: activity of the large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK) channels is profoundly modulated by its β(1) subunit (BK-β(1)). However, BK-β(1) expression is downregulated in diabetic vessels. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a major mechanism of intracellular protein degradation. Whether UPS participates in BK-β(1) downregulation in diabetic vessels is unknown. OBJECTIVE: we hypothesize that UPS facilitates vascular BK-β(1) degradation in diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS: using patch clamp and molecular biological approaches, we found that BK-β(1)-mediated channel activation and BK-β(1) protein expression were reduced in aortas of streptozotocin-induced diabeticrats and in human coronary arterial smooth muscle cells (CASMCs) cultured in high glucose. This was accompanied by upregulation of F-box only protein (FBXO)-9 and FBXO-32 (atrogin-1), the key components of the Skp1-Cullin-F-box (SCF) type ubiquitin ligase complex. BK-β(1) expression was suppressed by the FBXO activator doxorubicin but enhanced by FBXO-9 small interfering RNA or by the proteasome inhibitor MG-132. Cotransfection of atrogin-1 in HEK293 cells significantly reduced Flag-hSlo-β(1) expression by 2.16-fold, compared with expression of Flag-hSlo-β(1)V146A (a mutant without the PDZ-binding motif). After cotransfection with atrogin-1, the ubiquitination of Flag-hSlo-β(1) was increased by 1.91-fold, compared with that of hSlo-β(1)V146A, whereas cotransfection with atrogin-1ΔF (a nonfunctional mutant without the F-box motif) had no effect. Moreover, inhibition of Akt signaling attenuated the phosphorylation of forkhead box O transcription factor (FOXO)-3a and enhanced atrogin-1 expression, which in turn suppressed BK-β(1) protein levels in human CASMCs. CONCLUSIONS: downregulation of vascular BK-β(1) expression in diabetes and in high-glucose culture conditions was associated with FOXO-3a/FBXO-dependent increase in BK-β(1) degradation.
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