Cell Traction Forces (CTFs) and CTF Microscopy Applications in Musculoskeletal Research.

Most connective tissue cells (e.g. tendon and ligament cells) attach to extracellular matrix (ECM) and exert so-called cell traction forces (CTFs) to the ECM. CTFs are essential for many cellular functions such as maintenance of cell shape, cell motility, and cell communication. Therefore, many techniques have been developed over the years to measure CTFs in order to better understand tissue physiology and pathology. This article provides a brief review of CTF in terms of its generation and transmission and also CTF measurement techniques, with a focus on cell traction force microscopy (CTFM). Examples of using CTFM to determine CTFs are given to illustrate various applications of CTFM. Finally, the potential applications of CTFM in musculoskeletal research are suggested.