Transtracheal jet ventilation in 50 patients with severe airway compromise and stridor.

BACKGROUND: Management of the airway is difficult in patients with pharyngeal or laryngeal pathology caused by malignancy, extensive surgery, or radiotherapy scarring, particularly when undergoing pharyngolaryngeal surgery. Tracheal intubation, with or without fibreoptic guidance, is often impractical because of the severe glottic stenosis and primary tracheostomy under local anaesthesia has been the preferred technique. However, complication rates as high as 30% have been reported after primary tracheostomy and there is the potential for long-term morbidity. High-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) has several advantages over other techniques in the management of the difficult airway and can be delivered by supraglottic and infraglottic routes. To date, no large series has described the use of transtracheal HFJV (TTHFJV) in adult patients with stridor and critical airway obstruction.
METHODS: We report a prospective, descriptive audit of the safe use of TTHFJV in patients with severe airway compromise and stridor undergoing pharyngolaryngeal surgery (50 consecutive procedures in 44 patients).
RESULTS: TTHFJV was successful in all 50 cases. There were no major complications and the incidence of minor complications was 20% with no subsequent morbidity.
CONCLUSIONS: We attribute this low incidence to the use of an automated jet ventilator with airway pressure monitoring and control, and the alteration of ventilator parameters by an experienced anaesthetist.