Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

With the improvement in local control achieved by more precise imaging and radiotherapy, the predominant mode of failure for nasopharyngeal carcinoma is distant metastases. Concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy is the standard treatment approach for stages IIB and above disease. The addition of neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been most promising, and phase III trial results are awaited. Quantitative Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA can be applied clinically for disease monitoring and follow-up, and may in future be used for risk stratification strategies. Targeted therapies against epidermal growth factor receptor and angiogenesis have demonstrated activity, and immunotherapeutic approaches are being investigated.