Baseline sensitivity and resistance-risk assessment of Phytophthora capsici to iprovalicarb.

Iprovalicarb has been used to control Phytophthora capsici, a devastating pathogen of many economically important crops. To evaluate the risk of fungicide resistance, 158 isolates of P. capsici were examined for sensitivity to iprovalicarb by measuring mycelial growth. Values of effective concentrations for 50% mycelial growth inhibition varied from 0.2042 to 0.5540 μg/ml and averaged 0.3923 (±0.0552) μg/ml, with a unimodal distribution. This is the first report of P. capsici isolates highly resistant to iprovalicarb (resistance factor >100). Resistance of the isolates was stable through 10 transfers on iprovalicarb-free medium, and most resistant isolates had the same level of fitness (mycelial growth, zoospore production, and virulence) as their corresponding parents, indicating that iprovalicarb resistance was independent from other general growth characters. There was cross-resistance among all tested carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides, including iprovalicarb, flumorph, dimethomorph, and mandipropamid, but not with non-CAA fungicides, including azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, cymoxanil, etridiazole, metalaxyl, and zoxamide. Based on the present results, resistance risk of P. capsici to CAAs could be moderate and resistance management should be considered.