BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: 3-Chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole were isolated from Bavarian soils. The stereospecific formation of the isomers of these chlorinated carbazols can be explained by quantum mechanical calculations using the DFT method. It was shown that chlorination of carbazole and 3-chlorocarbazole respectively is preferred via the sigma-complexes 3-chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole as the most stable products. The dioxin-like toxicological potential of 3,6-dichlorocarbazole, determined by the Micro-EROD Test, is in the range of some picogram TCDD equivalents per milligram carbazole. The degradative fate of 3-chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole was analysed within a long-term study (57 days) in soil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The soil was extracted by ASE (accelerated solvent extraction) and a further clean-up procedure with column chromatography and chromatography with C18-SPE stationary phases. Quantification of 3-chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole was performed employing the isotope-dilution method. The samples were measured with high-resolution GC/MS. RESULTS: The degradation (ln(c/c(0)) vs. time with best-fit line) showed in almost every storage condition a very small degradation (slopes (h(-1)) in -10(-4) range). However, the decay for the controls were two to three times (-28°C) and six times (with sodium azide) higher, than the decrease of 3-chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole in the samples of environmental conditions. DISCUSSION: Especially because of the toxicological potential of 3-chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole the proven degradative fate is of large interest. The results show that the analysed carbazoles are not readily degradable in this time period. CONCLUSIONS: The expected results of exponential decay behaviour could not be proven. RECOMMENDATION AND PERSPECTIVES: Longer-lasting studies are expected to reveal more accurate half-lives, although it has been shown here, that the compounds are not readily degradable in their native soil environment.
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: 3-Chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole were isolated from Bavarian soils. The stereospecific formation of the isomers of these chlorinated carbazols can be explained by quantum mechanical calculations using the DFT method. It was shown that chlorination of carbazole and 3-chlorocarbazole respectively is preferred via the sigma-complexes 3-chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole as the most stable products. The dioxin-like toxicological potential of 3,6-dichlorocarbazole, determined by the Micro-EROD Test, is in the range of some picogram TCDD equivalents per milligram carbazole. The degradative fate of 3-chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole was analysed within a long-term study (57 days) in soil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The soil was extracted by ASE (accelerated solvent extraction) and a further clean-up procedure with column chromatography and chromatography with C18-SPE stationary phases. Quantification of 3-chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole was performed employing the isotope-dilution method. The samples were measured with high-resolution GC/MS. RESULTS: The degradation (ln(c/c(0)) vs. time with best-fit line) showed in almost every storage condition a very small degradation (slopes (h(-1)) in -10(-4) range). However, the decay for the controls were two to three times (-28°C) and six times (with sodium azide) higher, than the decrease of 3-chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole in the samples of environmental conditions. DISCUSSION: Especially because of the toxicological potential of 3-chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole the proven degradative fate is of large interest. The results show that the analysed carbazoles are not readily degradable in this time period. CONCLUSIONS: The expected results of exponential decay behaviour could not be proven. RECOMMENDATION AND PERSPECTIVES: Longer-lasting studies are expected to reveal more accurate half-lives, although it has been shown here, that the compounds are not readily degradable in their native soil environment.
Authors: S M Schwirzer; A M Hofmaier; A Kettrup; P E Nerdinger; K W Schramm; H Thoma; M Wegenke; F J Wiebel Journal: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf Date: 1998-09 Impact factor: 6.291
Authors: John Mumbo; Bernhard Henkelmann; Ahmed Abdelaziz; Gerd Pfister; Nghia Nguyen; Reiner Schroll; Jean Charles Munch; Karl-Werner Schramm Journal: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Date: 2014-08-21 Impact factor: 4.223
Authors: John Mumbo; Dominik Deyerling; Bernhard Henkelmann; Gerd Pfister; Karl-Werner Schramm Journal: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Date: 2017-10-05 Impact factor: 4.223