Advances and challenges in biomarker development for type 1 diabetes prediction and prevention using omic technologies.

IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD: Biomarkers are essential for the identification of high risk children as well as monitoring of prevention outcomes for type 1 diabetes (T1D). AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW: This review discusses progress, opportunities and challenges in biomarker discovery and validation using high throughput genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic technologies. The authors also suggest potential solutions to deal with the current challenges. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN: Readers will gain an overview of the current status on T1D biomarkers, an integrated review of three omic technologies, their applications and limitations for biomarker discovery and validation, and a critical discussion of the major issues encountered in biomarker development. TAKE HOME MESSAGE: Better biomarkers are still urgently needed for T1D prediction and prevention. The high throughput omic technologies offer great opportunities but also face significant challenges that have to be solved before their potential for biomarker development is fully realized.