BACKGROUND: 6 months after traumatic brain injury (TBI), almost three out of four patients suffer from sleep-wake disturbances (SWD) such as post-traumatic hypersomnia (increased sleep need of ≥2 h compared with before injury), excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), fatigue and insomnia. The long-term course of post-traumatic SWD, however, is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence and characteristics of post-traumatic SWD 3 years after trauma. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal clinical study in 51 consecutive TBI patients (43 males, eight females, mean age 40±16 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: EDS (as assessed by the Epworth sleepiness scale), fatigue (fatigue severity scale), post-traumatic hypersomnia (sleep length per 24 h), insomnia, depression and anxiety. RESULTS: Post-traumatic SWD were found in 34 patients (67%): post-traumatic hypersomnia in 14 (27%), EDS in six (12%), fatigue in 18 patients (35%) and insomnia in five patients (10%). SWD were not associated with severity or localisation of, or time interval since, TBI. Insomnia was linked to depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study shows that 3 years after TBI, two out of three patients suffer from residual SWD, particularly fatigue and post-traumatic hypersomnia. In 45% of TBI patients, SWD appear directly related to the trauma itself.
BACKGROUND: 6 months after traumatic brain injury (TBI), almost three out of four patients suffer from sleep-wake disturbances (SWD) such as post-traumatic hypersomnia (increased sleep need of ≥2 h compared with before injury), excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), fatigue and insomnia. The long-term course of post-traumatic SWD, however, is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence and characteristics of post-traumatic SWD 3 years after trauma. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal clinical study in 51 consecutive TBI patients (43 males, eight females, mean age 40±16 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: EDS (as assessed by the Epworth sleepiness scale), fatigue (fatigue severity scale), post-traumatic hypersomnia (sleep length per 24 h), insomnia, depression and anxiety. RESULTS: Post-traumatic SWD were found in 34 patients (67%): post-traumatic hypersomnia in 14 (27%), EDS in six (12%), fatigue in 18 patients (35%) and insomnia in five patients (10%). SWD were not associated with severity or localisation of, or time interval since, TBI. Insomnia was linked to depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study shows that 3 years after TBI, two out of three patients suffer from residual SWD, particularly fatigue and post-traumatic hypersomnia. In 45% of TBI patients, SWD appear directly related to the trauma itself.
Authors: Jonathan E Elliott; Samuel E De Luche; Madeline J Churchill; Cindy Moore; Akiva S Cohen; Charles K Meshul; Miranda M Lim Journal: Sleep Date: 2018-03-01 Impact factor: 5.849
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Authors: Jordan L Harrison; Rachel K Rowe; Timothy W Ellis; Nicole S Yee; Bruce F O'Hara; P David Adelson; Jonathan Lifshitz Journal: Brain Behav Immun Date: 2015-01-10 Impact factor: 7.217
Authors: Miranda M Lim; Jaclynn Elkind; Guoxiang Xiong; Ray Galante; Jingxu Zhu; Lin Zhang; Jie Lian; Julianna Rodin; Nicholas N Kuzma; Allan I Pack; Akiva S Cohen Journal: Sci Transl Med Date: 2013-12-11 Impact factor: 17.956
Authors: Jon T Willie; Miranda M Lim; Rachel E Bennett; Allan A Azarion; Katherine E Schwetye; David L Brody Journal: J Neurotrauma Date: 2012-07-01 Impact factor: 5.269