Nausea and vomiting in advanced cancer.

Nausea and vomiting are distinct symptoms, commonly occurring together but which should be assessed separately. Both are prevalent in patients with advanced cancer. Data are taken from The Cochrane Library (2010) and Ovid MEDLINE (1966-2010). Most current guidelines advocate an aetiology-based approach to the management of nausea and vomiting. Choice of anti-emetic is based on a clinical assessment of the likely pathophysiological component of the emetogenic pathway that is being triggered and selecting an anti-emetic drug that blocks the key receptors involved. Some authors propose a more empirical approach. The limited available evidence would suggest that both an empirical or aetiology-based approach may have similar overall efficacy. There are no published studies directly comparing the two. Standardized assessment and outcome tools are needed to enable well-designed studies to establish efficacy for conventional agents and also compare efficacy with the newer, more expensive ones.