Treatment of stable angina pectoris.

Management of stable angina pectoris includes antianginal medications, medications to prevent progression of atherosclerosis, and aggressive treatment of causative risk factors. Antianginal medications commonly used include nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and ranolazine. Antiplatelet agents, statins, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are used in patients with these problems to prevent progression of atherosclerosis and/or premature cardiovascular death. Aggressive risk factor control with diet; exercise; treatment of diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia; and strategies to stop smoking and reduce weight should be a part of treatment strategy in all patients. Patients with stable angina who have symptoms refractory to medical treatment usually require coronary angiography, followed by either percutaneous or surgical revascularization. Recent mechanical techniques for the treatment of refractory angina include transmyocardial laser revascularization, enhanced external counterpulsation, and spinal cord stimulation. (C) 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.