Acceptability and accuracy of a non-endoscopic screening test for Barrett's oesophagus in primary care: cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the accuracy and acceptability to patients of non-endoscopic screening for Barrett's oesophagus, using an ingestible oesophageal sampling device (Cytosponge) coupled with immunocytochemisty for trefoil factor 3.
DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.
SETTING: 12 UK general practices, with gastroscopies carried out in one hospital endoscopy unit. PARTICIPANTS: 504 of 2696 eligible patients (18.7%) aged 50 to 70 years with a previous prescription for an acid suppressant (H(2) receptor antagonist or proton pump inhibitor) for more than three months in the past five years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sensitivity and specificity estimates for detecting Barrett's oesophagus compared with gastroscopy as the ideal method, and patient anxiety (short form Spielberger state trait anxiety inventory, impact of events scale) and acceptability (visual analogue scale) of the test.
RESULTS: 501 of 504 (99%) participants (median age 62, male to female ratio 1:1.2) successfully swallowed the Cytosponge. No serious adverse events occurred. In total, 3.0% (15/501) had an endoscopic diagnosis of Barrett's oesophagus (≥1 cm circumferential length, median circumferential and maximal length of 2 cm and 5 cm, respectively) with intestinal metaplasia. Compared with gastroscopy the sensitivity and specificity of the test was 73.3% (95% confidence interval 44.9% to 92.2%) and 93.8% (91.3% to 95.8%) for 1 cm or more circumferential length and 90.0% (55.5% to 99.7%) and 93.5% (90.9% to 95.5%) for clinically relevant segments of 2 cm or more. Most participants (355/496, 82%, 95% confidence interval 78.9% to 85.1%) reported low levels of anxiety before the test, and scores remained within normal limits at follow-up. Less than 4.5% (2.8% to 6.1%) of participants reported psychological distress a week after the procedure.
CONCLUSIONS: The performance of the Cytosponge test was promising and the procedure was well tolerated. These data bring screening for Barrett's oesophagus into the realm of possibility. Further evaluation is recommended.

Introduction

The incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma, for which Barrett’s oesophagus is the main risk factor, has increased sixfold in the Western world since the 1990s.1 Meta-analyses suggest that the risk for conversion from Barrett’s oesophagus to adenocarcinoma is 0.5% per year and this conversion is thought to occur up to 15 years after diagnosis.2 This cancer has in excess of 80% mortality at five years unless detected early (also called intraepithelial neoplasia).3 Oesophagectomy has formed the basis for curative treatment even in patients with surveillance detected asymptomatic disease. However, because of the 5% mortality and significant morbidity associated with this highly invasive surgery, little enthusiasm has been shown for diagnosing Barrett’s oesophagus at a population level. The treatments for intraepithelial neoplasia in Barrett’s oesophagus have recently undergone a paradigm shift with the rapid development of outpatient endoscopic technologies, such as mucosal resection and radiofrequency ablation.4 5 6 The feasibility for endoscopic treatment now means that more systematic screening for Barrett’s oesophagus merits further consideration.7

The ideal method for diagnosing Barrett’s oesophagus is white light gastroscopy and biopsy, despite limitations such as the invasiveness of the procedure, the need for great expertise, the high cost, and the subjective nature of the diagnosis. However, limited endoscopy and fiscal resources may restrict the use of this procedure in large, population based screening programmes, and many people may be reluctant to undergo hospital based gastroscopy because of its inconvenience and discomfort.8 9

As highlighted by the chief medical officer, Sir Liam Donaldson, in his 2008 report, a need exists for a safe, minimally invasive, cheap, and easily administered method aimed at the primary care setting to diagnose Barrett’s oesophagus.7 10 We have shown that non-endoscopic screening is feasible and safe using a new device called the capsule sponge, or Cytosponge.11 To distinguish Barrett’s cells from a mixed cell population, including gastric cardia and squamous epithelium, we have coupled the device with an immunohistochemical biomarker, trefoil factor 3.11 We determined the accuracy and acceptability of using the Cytosponge combined with trefoil factor 3 as a non-endoscopic procedure for the detection of Barrett’s oesophagus in primary care.

Methods

This prospective cohort study was undertaken in 12 general practices in the United Kingdom. The outcome measures were sensitivity and specificity estimates for detecting Barrett’s oesophagus compared with gastroscopy as the ideal method to inform a future study, and patient anxiety and acceptability of undergoing the test.

Setting and recruitment

We identified eligible patients by searching the prescribing database of the 12 primary care practices for adults aged 50 to 70 with a previous prescription for an acid suppressant (H2 receptor antagonist or proton pump inhibitor) for more than three months in the past five years. Exclusion criteria were a previous diagnosis of Barrett’s oesophagus, gastroscopy within the past year, dysphagia, known portal hypertension, drug or pathophysiological abnormality of coagulation, important physical or psychological comorbidity precluding gastroscopy, or the inability to provide informed consent. The number of general practices was based on previous studies based in primary care reporting that 16.3% of patients with reflux symptoms agreed to endoscopy.12 The general practices sent eligible participants an invitation letter. Responders who agreed to take part were sent an appointment for the Cytosponge test at the general practice. Recruitment continued until more than 500 people had participated.

Study procedures

Appointment in general practice and questionnaire follow-up

After written informed consent had been obtained the participants completed a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire and an assessment of symptoms (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease impact score13).

The research nurse or research fellow (gastroenterologist in specialist training) administered the Cytosponge, an ingestible gelatine capsule containing a compressed mesh attached to a string. The Cytosponge was approved by the UK Medical Health Regulatory Agency in 2008 (fig 1). Briefly, the capsule and bunched up string are swallowed with water. The string is held without any tension to allow the capsule to move into the stomach. The patient holds onto the string for five minutes after ingestion to allow the capsule to dissolve in the proximal stomach, where a spherical mesh of 3 cm diameter is released. The back of the throat is then sprayed with 1% lidocaine (lignocaine) and the expanded mesh withdrawn by pulling on the string with the patient’s head in an extended position. After retrieval the string is cut and the Cytosponge containing the cytological specimen placed in preservative fluid (gift from Surepath; BD Diagnostics, Durham, NC, USA) and kept at room temperature until transportation to the laboratory. The whole process of administering the Cytosponge, including instructing the patient, takes less than 10 minutes.

Fig 1 Cytosponge in gelatine capsule (right) and expanded (left)

Within 30 minutes of the procedure the participants completed a questionnaire including the short form Spielberger state trait anxiety inventory,14 the impact of events scale,15 and a visual analogue scale to measure acceptability.16 The short form Spielberger state trait anxiety inventory has been extensively used in studies of disease screening. We prorated the scores as per developers’ guidelines, with a score of 40 or more considered to represent clinically significant anxiety.17 To measure the effect of the Cytosponge on anxiety and distress we used the impact of events scale. The scale yields two scores assessing intrusive and avoidance thoughts. Final scores range between 0 and 35 for intrusion and 0 and 40 for avoidance (total score between 0 and 75), with values of more than 19 for each subscore (38 for total score) representing high test induced distress and values below 8.5 for each subscore (17 for total score) representing low distress.15 We calculated scores for participants who completed a minimum of 75% of questions on each subscore. The visual analogue scale assessed acceptability of the procedure, where 0 represented the “worst experience” and 10 the ”best experience.” Similar questionnaires were posted to all participants seven and 90 days later. Non-responders were sent one postal reminder and if that failed one telephone reminder.

Laboratory processing of samples

To provide the patient with a prompt result we stored the Cytosponge samples at room temperature and processed them within 48 hours; the samples can be stored in the refrigerator at 4°C before processing without affecting the assay result. Samples were processed to paraffin blocks. Immunostaining was carried out for trefoil factor 3, which we identified to be a diagnostic marker of Barrett’s oesophagus from a systematic gene expression profiling experiment.11 Two independent researchers, one with expertise in pathology (SK) and a gastrointestinal cytopathologist (MO’D), reported the findings. Sections stained for trefoil factor 3 were scored in a binary fashion as either positive or negative. Any glandular cells with trefoil factor 3 staining were considered as positive and to make the result as robust and objective as possible we used no intensity cut offs. The κ statistic between the two scorers was 0.74, indicating substantial agreement.

Gastroscopy: the ideal method

We invited those participants who had swallowed the Cytosponge to attend for a gastroscopy within three weeks of the screening test. The gastroscopies were carried out at a single specialist unit by one of three endoscopists, who adhered to a strict diagnostic protocol. In view of the lack of a universally accepted definition for Barrett’s oesophagus,1 we opted for criteria that would avoid mistaken identification of a hiatus hernia and that were in line with the Prague classification guidelines. These guidelines recommend the use of the length of Barrett’s oesophagus from the gastro-oesophageal junction covering the circumference of the oesophagus (circumferential length or C) and the maximal length of Barrett’s oesophagus from the gastro-oesophageal junction (maximal length or M) for a robust diagnosis.18 Hence a patient with 1 cm of circumferential Barrett’s oesophagus with 2 cm of Barrett’s tissue extending above the circumferential segment above with a total length of 3 cm is described as having Barrett’s oesophagus C1M3. Barrett’s oesophagus was defined as endoscopically visible columnar lined epithelium arising at least 1 cm circumferentially (C1) above the gastro-oesophageal junction with intestinal metaplasia. Trefoil factor 3 was ascertained as a marker of intestinal metaplasia,11 as it is the subtype most strongly associated with a risk of malignancy.19 We analysed the data according to two circumferential length cut offs, 1 cm or more and 2 cm or more, since the reliability of endoscopic diagnosis increases significantly with length.18 We defined the gastro-oesophageal junction by using the upper end of the gastric longitudinal mucosal folds as landmarks.20 To check for confounding by intestinal metaplasia of the stomach we assessed samples from the cardia and 2 cm above the squamocolumnar junction in all participants. If Barrett’s oesophagus was present, we collected additional four biopsies every 2 cm according to surveillance guidelines, which were reviewed by a gastrointestinal pathologist (MO’D) with extensive experience in Barrett’s oesophagus.19 Endoscopists and histopathologists were blinded to the result of the Cytosponge.

Statistical analysis

Based on assumed sensitivity and specificity of 75% and 85% and a prevalence of Barrett’s oesophagus of 3%, power calculations indicated that to obtain an estimate with a 95% confidence interval plus or minus 15% we required 500 participants. Statistics for continuous variables were expressed as medians and interquartile ranges. We used a Mann-Whitney test to compare continuous or ordinal variables between groups and a χ2 test to compare categorical variables. Accuracy of the test was reported using Pearson Clopper exact 95% confidence intervals. All reported P values were two sided. Statistical analyses were carried out using Prism V5.01.

Results

Twelve general practices covering a population of 100 668 were recruited over 20 months from May 2008 to December 2009 (fig 2). In total, 2696 patients identified from the practice prescribing databases were eligible and invited to take part in the study; 504 (18.7%) agreed. The Cytosponge was successfully swallowed by 501 (99%; three were unable to swallow). Two Cytosponges failed to fully expand and the corresponding samples had a low cell yield. All 501 participants were included in the analysis and those who did not attend for gastroscopy (n=32) were considered not to have Barrett’s oesophagus. No serious adverse events were associated with swallowing the Cytosponge, in particular no bleeding or aspiration. No failures took place in the sample processing or staining for trefoil factor 3.

Fig 2 Flow of patients through trial

Personal and clinical characteristics of participants

Table 1 shows the personal and clinical characteristics of the study population. The numbers of men and women were almost equal (male to female ratio 1:1.2) with a median age of 62 years (interquartile range 56-66 years) in both sexes. The male to female ratio (1:1.1) and median age (63 years, 58-67) of the non-responders did not differ significantly from that of the responders. The median waist to hip ratio for men was 0.96 (interquartile range 0.92-1.00), which falls within the range considered to be a medium health risk, and for women 0.86 (0.82-0.91), which is associated with a high health risk.21 The median body mass index of 29.4 (26.2-32.9) indicated that most participants were overweight, with more than 45% in the obese range.22 Overall, participants consumed less alcohol than the national average,23 but the proportion of smokers (past and present) was 10% higher for each sex than the national UK averages.24 Only 68% of participants (344/501) were currently taking prescribed acid suppressants, but all met the inclusion criteria of such therapy at some time in the past five years. Overall, 73% (367/501) of participants reported uncontrolled to very poorly controlled reflux symptoms according to the impact scores for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (table 1).13

Table 1

 Characteristics of participants. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise

Characteristics	All participants (n=501)	Men (n=229)	Women (n=272)
Median (range) age (years)	62 (56 to 66)	62 (50 to 70)	62 (50 to 70)
Body mass index:
Missing data	2 (0.4)	0 (0)	2 (0.7)
Underweight	3 (0.6)	1 (0.4)	2 (0.7)
Normal	79 (15.8)	28 (12.2)	51 (18.8)
Pre-obese	187 (37.3)	97 (42.4)	90 (33.1)
Obese	230 (45.9)	103 (45.0)	127 (46.7)
Waist to hip ratio:
Missing data	5 (1.0)	2 (0.9)	3 (1.1)
Low risk	163 (32.5)	109 (47.9)	54 (19.9)
Medium risk	136 (27.1)	68 (29.7)	68 (25.0)
High risk	197 (39.3)	50 (21.8)	147 (54.0)
Ethnic origin:
White	480 (95.8)	215 (93.9)	265 (97.4)
Other	21 (4.2)	14 (6.1)	7 (2.6)
Education level:
No answer	12 (2.4)	6 (2.6)	6 (2.2)
School until age16	234 (46.7)	97 (44.4)	137 (50.4)
School until age 18	119 (23.8)	50 (21.8)	69 (25.4)
University degree	36 (7.2)	21 (9.2)	15 (5.5)
Postgraduate/professional qualification	100 (20.0)	55 (24.0)	45 (16.5)
Smoking status (pack years):
Never	217 (43.3)	86 (37.6)	131 (48.2)
<30	197 (39.3)	95 (41.5)	102 (37.5)
≥30	87 (17.4)	48 (21.0)	39 (14.3)
Alcohol consumption (units/week):
None	114 (22.8)	38 (16.6)	76 (27.9)
1-15	304 (60.7)	131 (57.2)	173 (63.6)
16-21	35 (7.0)	23 (10.0)	12 (4.4)
>21	48 (9.6)	37 (16.2)	11 (4.0)
Symptoms (GERD impact scores13):
Very well controlled	35 (7.0)	20 (8.7)	15 (5.5)
Fairly controlled	99 (19.8)	43 (18.8)	56 (20.6)
Uncontrolled	136 (27.1)	77 (33.6)	59 (21.7)
Poorly controlled	195 (38.9)	77 (33.6)	118 (43.4)
Very poorly controlled	36 (7.2)	12 (5.2)	24 (8.8)
Current use of acid suppressants:
Antacids	67 (13.4)	29 (12.6)	38 (14.0)
Histamine receptor 2 antagonists	38 (7.6)	21 (9.2)	17 (6.2)
Proton pump inhibitors	286 (57.0)	122 (53.3)	164 (60.3)
Histamine receptor 2 antagonists+proton pump inhibitors	9 (1.8)	6 (2.3)	3 (1.1)
None	101 (20.2)	51 (22.3)	50 (18.4)

GERD=gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.

Accuracy of the test

Based on standard gastroscopy the prevalence of Barrett’s oesophagus was 3.0% (15/501) for segments of circumferential length 1 cm or more and 2.2% (10/501) for segments of 2 cm or more, with a median length of C4M5 (interquartile range C1M2-C9M9) (table 2).

Table 2

 Characteristics of patients with diagnosed Barrett’s oesophagus

Patient	Sex	Age	Body mass index	Waist to hip ratio	Highest educational attainment	Smoking (pack years)	Alcohol (units/week)	Symptom control	Drugs	Barrett’s oesophagus or adenocarcinoma in first degree relative	Circumferential length (cm)	Maximal length (cm)	Cytosponge test result
Practice A:
Patient 1	Male	69	27.5	1.00	School to 16	0	14	Poor	Antacids	No	1	3	Positive
Practice B:
Patient 1	Male	70	31.6	1.03	School to 16	0	10	Uncontrolled	Proton pump inhibitors	No	4	6	Positive
Practice C:
Patient 1	Female	54	39.8	0.86	School to 16	0	2	Poor	Antacids+proton pump inhibitors	No	1	2	Positive
Patient 2	Female	58	27.8	0.89	School to 16	28	10	Poor	Antacids+proton pump inhibitors	No data	4	6	Positive
Patient 3	Female	67	35.1	0.79	School to 18	3	0	Fair	Proton pump inhibitors	Yes	2	2	Positive
Patient 4	Male	62	24.2	0.97	School to 18	52	2	Poor	Proton pump inhibitors	Yes	1	4	Negative
Practice D:
Patient 1	Male	52	29.0	0.96	School to 18	8	10	Very well	Antacids	No	6	6	Positive
Practice E:
Patient 1	Female	66	37.2	0.95	School to 16	37	0	Fair	Antacids+proton pump inhibitors	No	2	5	Negative
Practice F:
Patient 1	Male	61	31.7	1.02	School to 16	32	10	Uncontrolled	Antacids	No	8	8	Positive
Practice G:
Patient 1	Male	66	32.4	1.10	School to 16	31	2	Poor	Proton pump inhibitors	No	5	7	Positive
Practice H:
Patient 1	Male	64	24.8	0.86	School to 18	0	6	Fair	Proton pump inhibitors	No	1	2	Negative
Patient 2	Male	64	28.4	0.99	University	28	1	Very well	Proton pump inhibitors	No	3	5	Positive
Patient 3	Male	59	23.4	0.92	School to 18	23	2	Fair	Antacids+histamine receptor 2 antagonists	Yes	2	4	Positive
Practice I:
Patient 1	Female	63	33.5	0.85	School to 16	0	0	Poor	Proton pump inhibitors	No	9	9	Positive
Practice J:
Patient 1	Female	70	32.0	0.83	School to 16	0	4	Poor	None	No	1	2	Negative

Table 3 shows the characteristics of the patients with a diagnosis of Barrett’s oesophagus categorised according to the circumferential length of segment (≥1 cm or ≥2 cm) compared with those without Barrett’s oesophagus. No statistical differences were observed between the patients with Barrett’s oesophagus (≥1 cm) and those without. If a cut off of 2 cm or more was used, there was a higher prevalence of tobacco smoking in patients with Barrett’s oesophagus (P=0.03). The small sample size, however, precludes definitive conclusions.

Table 3

 Comparison between patients with and without Barrett’s oesophagus stratified per circumferential length cut-off point of affected segment. Data are medians (interquartile ranges) unless stated otherwise

Characteristics	Circumferential length ≥1 cm				Circumferential length ≥2 cm
	Barrett’s oesophagus (n=15)	No Barrett’s oesophagus (n=486)	P value		Barrett’s oesophagus (n=10)	No Barrett’s oesophagus (n=491)	P value
Male to female ratio	1.5:1	0.84:1	0.26		1.75:1	0.84:1	0.36
Age	64.0 (59.0 to 67.0)	62.0 (56.0 to 66.0)	0.18		63.5 (58.7 to 66.2)	62.0 (56.0 to 66.0)	0.39
Body mass index	31.6 (27.5 to 33.5)	29.4 (26.2 to 32.9)	0.55		31.6 (27.8 to 33.5)	29.4 (26.2 to 32.9)	0.59
Waist to hip ratio	0.95 (0.86 to 0.99)	0.91 (0.85 to 0.96)	0.16		0.96 (0.89 to 1.02)	0.91 (0.85 to 0.96)	0.06
Smoking (pack years)	8.0 (0.0 to 31.4)	0.4 (0.0 to 19.5)	0.30		23.0 (3.0 to 31.0)	0.3 (0.0 to 19.2)	0.03
Alcohol consumption (units/week)	4.0 (2.0 to 10.0)	6.0 (1.0 to 14.0)	0.24		2.0 (0.0 to 10.0)	6.0 (1.0 to 14.0)	0.09
Symptoms (GERD score)13	4.0 (2.0 to 6.0)	4.0 (2.0 to 6.5)	0.67		4.0 (2.0 to 6.0)	4.0 (1.7 to 6.1)	0.99
Acid suppressants* (%)	73.3	66.2	0.36		80.0	66.2	0.26

GERD=gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.

*Proton pump inhibitors or H2 receptor antagonists, or both.

Figure 3 shows haematoxylin and eosin and trefoil factor 3 staining of the Cytosponge specimen from a representative segment of tissue from a patient with Barrett’s oesophagus. For a cut off of 1 cm or more, 11 of 15 segments were detected with the Cytosponge, giving a sensitivity of 73.3% (95% confidence interval 44.9% to 92.2%). For a cut off of 2 cm or more nine of 10 segments were detected, giving a sensitivity of 90.0% (55.5% to 99.7%). The specificity was 93.8% (91.3% to 95.8%) and 93.5% (90.9% to 95.5%) for segments of 1 cm or more and 2 cm or more, respectively. The likelihood of being positive for trefoil factor 3 was statistically associated with the length of the segment affected by Barrett’s oesophagus (P=0.009 for circumferential length and P=0.02 for maximal length; table 2). Thirty false positives occurred, of which six had some evidence of columnar lined epithelium (<1 cm) that did not fulfil the diagnostic criteria for this study. Hence, for segments of 1 cm or more, trefoil factor 3 yielded a sensitivity of 73.3% (44.9% to 92.2%), a specificity of 93.8% (91.3% to 95.8%), a positive predictive value of 26.8% (14.2% to 42.9%), and a negative predictive value of 99.1% (97.8% to 99.8%) in this particular population with a prevalence of 3%. Presence of intestinal metaplasia at the cardia, hiatus hernia, or oesophagitis was not associated with the likelihood of being positive for trefoil factor 3 (data not shown).

Fig 3 Endoscopic view of a patient with C2M4 segment length Barrett’s oesophagus (panel A). Haematoxylin and eosin (panel B ×100, panel C ×400) and trefoil factor 3 (panel D ×100, panel E ×400) staining from representative patient with Barrett’s oesophagus

Participant anxiety and test experience

Response rates were high for all questionnaires at all time points: 496 (99%) at baseline, 466 (93%) at day 7, and 415 (83%) at day 90. Anxiety levels were low in most patients before and after the test. A subset (141/496) of patients (28.4%, 95% confidence interval 24.4% to 31.6%) reported high anxiety scores before swallowing the sponge that remained high during follow-up. The median scores for all participants were 33.1 (interquartile range 26.6-43.3) at day 0, 30.0 (20.0-40.0) at day 7, and 26.6 (20.0-36.6) at day 90 (fig 4). The scores on the impact of event scale remained constant at days 7 and 90 after the Cytosponge test, with less than 4.5% (95% confidence interval 2.8% to 6.1%) of participants displaying significant distress for any subscore at any time point (fig 4). The median (interquartile range) scores for the visual analogue scale were 7.0 (5.0-8.0) at the time of the test, 6.0 (5.0-8.0) at day 7, and 6.0 (4.0-7.0) at day 90 (fig 4).

Fig 4 Participants’ experience, anxiety, and distress related to Cytosponge test. Anxiety measured at day 0, 7, and 90 using six item short form short form Spielberger state trait anxiety inventory (values >40 denote clinically significant anxiety). Distress associated with Cytosponge test measured using impact of events scale. Intrusion and avoidance scores >19 denote high impact of test and >38 for total score. Participants rated their experience of Cytosponge using a visual analogue scale, with 0 representing the “worst experience” and 10 the “best experience”

Discussion

The Cytosponge test is a safe and well tolerated method to screen for Barrett’s oesophagus that can be carried out in a primary care setting. In this population with a history of reflux disease the prevalence of Barrett’s oesophagus for a circumferential length of 1 cm or more was 3.0%, for which trefoil factor 3 had a sensitivity and specificity of 73.3% and 93.8%, respectively. The sensitivity increased to 90.0% for segments of 2 cm or more. This study was not, however, designed to estimate test characteristics with high precision, and the estimate of sensitivity has wide confidence limits. Further evaluation in a larger cohort is now warranted.

Strengths and weaknesses of the study

The attendance rate of 504 (18.7%) is consistent with the 16.3% reported in a previous endoscopic study in the primary care setting.25 This should be considered in the context of a study that involved two procedures, including a hospital visit for gastroscopy. Recruitment rates for this study should not be seen as surrogate for uptake of this test if it were rolled out in a nationwide screening programme, which would be accompanied with major consumer awareness campaigns. This response bias may have resulted in people with more significant symptoms presenting or people with more positive attitudes towards receiving a screening test. Based on sex and age distribution, the non-responders and responders originated from a homogeneous population. Our preliminary data suggest that the test was acceptable to most of those who participated in the study. Although we did not find evidence of significant psychological distress associated with the screening test in most of the participants, a subpopulation seemed to have high levels of anxiety at baseline, which persisted at day 90: this high level of anxiety may therefore have little to do with the test.

Competing technologies currently undergoing evaluation include ultrathin transnasal endoscopy and video capsule endoscopy, which remain expensive and limited to specialist centres; furthermore, endoscopy using a video capsule does not permit cell sampling, which remains a critical component for diagnosis.26 27 The sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of Barrett’s oesophagus, even for the video capsule, remain relatively low, with values of 78% and 88%, respectively.28

Comparison with other studies

The 3.0% prevalence of Barrett’s oesophagus reported here is in keeping with previous published studies. In Europe and the United States, a prevalence of 2.3-2.6% was reported for any length of Barrett’s oesophagus in patients with reflux and 0.2-0.5% for segments greater than 2 cm.25 29 30 The possibility that those who agreed to take part had more severe symptoms of reflux may explain the slightly higher prevalence reported here. Much debate has been about the clinical significance of “short segments” of Barrett’s oesophagus and the presence of gastric versus intestinal metaplasia, and while carrying out this study the diagnostic criteria have continued to alter.31 However, for both circumferential length criteria (≥1 cm and ≥2 cm), the sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value of our Cytosponge test compared favourably with data from screening tests using mammography for breast cancer screening, prostate serum antigen testing for prostate cancer, and faecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer.32 33 34 Since screening detected cases will result in endoscopic confirmation and surveillance, changes to drugs, and treatment such as radiofrequency ablation,6 35 we believe that the test should be designed to detect clinically significant patients who would most likely benefit from surveillance or endoscopic treatment. A screening test for Barrett’s oesophagus should have high specificity to avoid unnecessary confirmatory endoscopies or interventions. Barrett’s oesophagus meets many of the established criteria for population screening.36

Implications for clinicians and policy makers

Barrett’s oesophagus is an important public health problem in the West7 and the metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence is well described.37 This study has shown the Cytosponge to be simple, safe, and acceptable to the population considered to be at risk (patients with reflux) and seems reasonably accurate. Furthermore, the binary scoring for trefoil factor 3 makes the test amenable to automation. Further application of risk models may be required to determine the optimal target population (symptoms only, men or both sexes, obese only).38 In the current environment endoscopic screening for Barrett’s oesophagus followed by surveillance is not deemed to be cost effective.39 However, the Cytosponge might prove a more cost effective approach to screening as no hardware needs to be purchased and only minimal training is required, such that the test could be carried out by a practice nurse in the primary care setting. We are planning an in-depth cost effectiveness analysis as part of a future screening study. Furthermore, samples from the Cytosponge have the potential to be adapted for surveillance, with the application of suitable risk stratification biomarkers.40 41

Conclusions

In summary, in this study we have shown that the Cytosponge coupled with a single immunomarker is a promising tool to screen for Barrett’s oesophagus in the primary care setting and that further evaluation is warranted. Our data are specific to a predominantly white population in the United Kingdom. Generalisation to other communities requires a multicentre study and this would also provide more robust estimates of diagnostic accuracy. The results presented here bring screening for Barrett’s oesophagus into the realm of possibility.

Barrett’s oesophagus predisposes to oesophageal adenocarcinoma but most cases of Barrett’s oesophagus are undiagnosed

Endoscopic techniques are the ideal methods for diagnosis but not easily applicable to mass screening in the primary care setting

Although emerging imaging techniques may be more applicable to primary care than endoscopy these do not permit tissue sampling, an essential component of diagnosis

The Cytosponge, a novel oesophageal sampling device, can be applied safely in the primary care setting and is well tolerated

The trefoil factor 3 biomarker when applied to the Cytosponge specimen had encouraging sensitivity and specificity for detecting Barrett’s oesophagus

Screening for Barrett’s oesophagus using this device warrants further evaluation