Effects of cogrinding with β-cyclodextrin on the solid state fentanyl.

Fentanyl base and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were coground at 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios (fentanyl: β-CD) and the physicochemical characteristics of the mixtures were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid state (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurement. Additionally, portions of the coground samples were exposed to high relative humidity to investigate fentanyl and β-CD interactions. The results of DSC and PXRD analyses indicate that the ground mixtures are in an amorphous state, and the FTIR measurements show hydrogen bonding interactions between fentanyl and β-CD. Solid state (13)C NMR indicates that a fentanyl/β-CD inclusion compound is formed in the humidified mixture. Furthermore, PXRD data from the humidified mixtures are similar to the PXRD patterns from the inclusion complex.