Induction of both cellular and humoral immunity following a rational prime-boost immunization regimen that incorporates recombinant ovine atadenovirus and fowlpox virus.

Recombinant fowlpox viruses (rFPV) and ovine atadenoviruses (rOAdV) are being developed as safe, nonpathogenic, prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine vectors. There is scope, however, to improve the limited immune responses elicited by each of these vaccine vectors. Using previously determined and optimized routes of administration and viral doses, we characterized the primary adaptive immune responses elicited by recombinant variants of each virus. We demonstrate the contrasting nature of the response elicited by each recombinant virus. Whereas rFPV generates predominately cell-mediated immunity to our nominal target antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), rOAdV drives strong humoral responses. By defining the time taken to achieve maximal cytotoxic T cell responses and by studying the different patterns and kinetics of major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted OVA antigen expression postimmunization, we proposed a heterologous prime-boost regimen of immunization with rOAdV followed by rFPV. The subsequent experimental results showed that this approach produced robust cell-mediated and humoral immune responses against OVA that, importantly, were accompanied by weak anti-viral vector antibody responses. These results, therefore, represent a novel and potentially clinically applicable way to achieve broadly based and effective immunity to the antigens encoded by vectored vaccines.